Various forms of  verbal & psychological abuse

Various forms of verbal & psychological abuse

Various forms of verbal & psychological abuse

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Emotional, verbal, mental and psychological abuse is just as harmful as physical violence, sometimes much worse. Sure, I had heard of physical abuse, and that you have to leave at the first hit. But unfortunately I, like most people,  was totally ignorant about emotional/verbal abuse. When my husband finally started to get physically violent, “it was already too late”…I was trapped, controlled and conditioned, scared of his threats and anger. Having had this knowlede much earlier, could have saved our son and I from the living nightmare that happened upon us. Read it and please spread this information.

Various forms of Psychological abuse

One of the best descriptions of psychological/mental/verbal/emotional abuse that I have come across I found on a Swedish site, varningstecken, which is loosely based on the concepts in Patricia Ewan’s book ”The Verbally Abusive Relationship”. I have translated it and added relevant information to make it more comprehensive, relatable and understandable.

When getting an understanding of the vastness of verbal and psychological abuse, it can come both as a shock and a relief if you recognize the signs. Getting a grasp of the intricate strategies and cycles the abuser uses to control and break its victims is an important eye-opener, a wake-up call, a turning point and a pivotal first step in the healing journey to go from victim to survivor and thrive.

I have used the word he for the abuser and her for the victim, but it can, of course, also be switched around in same-sex relationships.

I can also recommend reading about different personality disorders in the Abuser Category, as many verbally abusive partners are also affected by personality disorders like narcissistic personality disorder / NPD, sociopath, bipolar, psychopath, etc.

The problems for a lot of people in verbally abusive relationships, when they start to share their experiences (which takes a lot of courage), is that they are not taken seriously or that their experiences are diminished. When you take out just one or a few incidents, they can all seem pretty harmless, and people might get the impression that you are exaggerating and making a fuss about something completely normal.

That’s why it’s so important to get the bigger picture and to understand that psychological abuse is a strategy to get power and control over another person. It’s not just random incidents by chance, but instead a choking grip on your whole being that tightens with time.

The reasoning of an abuser

  • It never happened.
  • But if it did happen, it wasn’t that bad.
  • And if it was, it was no big deal.
  • And if it was, it wasn’t my fault.
  • And if it was, I didn’t mean it.
  • And if I did, you deserved it.

You stabbed me then acted like you were the one bleeding.

Verbal, Mental and Emotional Abuse often includes some or all of these elements:

1. Ridicule or insult you then tell you it’s a joke, or that you have no sense of humor.

2. Put down your beliefs, religion, race, heritage – or that of your family / friends.

3. Withhold approval, appreciation or affection.

4. Give you the silent treatment.

5. Ignore direct questions…Walk away without answering.

6. Criticise you, call you names, yell at you.

7. Humiliate you privately or in public.

8. Roll his or her eyes … or mimic you when you talk.

9. Disrespect or insult you, then tell you that you’re too sensitive.

10. Seem energized by arguing, while arguing exhausts you.

11. Have unpredictable mood swings, alternating between good and bad for no apparent reason.

12. “Twist” your words, somehow turning whatever you say against you.

13. Complain about how badly you treat him or her.

14. Threaten to leave, or threaten to throw you out.

15. Say things that make you feel good, but do things that make you feel bad.

16. Compliment you enough to keep you happy, yet criticize you enough to keep you insecure.

17. Harass you about imagined affairs.

18. Manipulate you with lies and contradictions.

19. Act immature and selfish, yet accuse you of those behaviors.

20. Question your every move and motive, somehow questioning your competence.

21. Constantly interrupt you while you’re trying to make your point.

22. Make you feel like you can never win : damned if you do, damned if you don’t.

23. Incite you to rage, which is “proof” that you are the one with the “problem” – not them.

24. Try to convince you that they are “right,” while you are “wrong”.

25. Frequently say things that are later denied or accuse you of misunderstanding

1. Withholding

The abuser does not share his thoughts, feelings, experiences and plans. He behaves cold and distant. He can punish his partner with prolonged silence if he feels she did something wrong. He behaves indifferently and shows little interest in listening to this partner or answering her attempts to engage him in a conversation. The woman may mistakenly believe that the abuser will “open up” if she can find a way to engage him. She may believe that he is shy, a quiet person, absent-minded, etc., while in reality it is about the abuser getting control over this partner by revealing as little as possible about their inner world. He can pretend he did not hear her, or pay attention to other things when she tries to talk to him. He could ignore her for days or weeks at a stretch. If she asks why he did not want to talk to her, he can say, “There’s nothing to talk about. You never listen anyway, you are never interested”, something that contributes to the woman’s confusion and makes her try even more to get him to engage and communicate with her. When he does share anything at all, it is purely factual or functional information of the sort his partner could have looked up on the Internet, read on his Facebook wall or figured out for herself by looking around. Examples of withholding communication that fails to engage the partner include “The car is almost out of gas,” “The keys are on the table,” and “The show is on now.”
In a relationship that is characterised by verbal abuse there is no intimacy, which of course is based on both parties sharing and empathetic listening to each other. A person who withholds information refuses to engage with his partner in a healthy relationship.

4. Verbal abuse disguised as jokes

The abuser ”joking” with his partner at her expense. The jokes often attack her insecurities and wounds and are not funny, but gives the abuser a sense of power and triumph. The jokes may come when the couple is by themselves, but it can also happen in front of other people, which makes the experience even more offensive to the woman. If she says she does not think the joke was funny she can be told that she has no sense of humor, she takes everything too seriously. The abuser may also frighten his partner in different ways and then laugh as if the whole thing was a joke or saying afterwards that he was just joking and criticising the victim for taking it seriously. But on the other hand if the partner took it as a ”joke”, the abuser can later on say ”Well I did warn you, I have already told you what would happen/what I think/what I will do to you/what I did”
The abuser does not take any responsible for the event by, for example, apologising. Instead, he focuses on that the partner “has no sense of humor”. All jokes that hurt are abusive.

6. Accusations and blame

The abuser often accuse his partner for things that go wrong, no matter what actually happened and what caused the incident. He can play on her guilt feelings in different ways. He can project his own anger, annoyance or uncertainty to his partner. If something is lost at home, it is her fault. If the food is burnt it is her fault. If the child falls, it is her fault. If he’s not happy it’s her fault. The abuser may be tireless in his accusations and complaints. The woman can sometimes come to apologise for things that she really did not have any control over or nothing to do with. Sometimes it may be the only way for her to be left in peace.

2. Countering

Countering is a tendency to be very argumentative but not merely in political, philosophical or scientific contexts but in ordinary contexts as well. The victim of the abuse may share her positive feelings about a movie she just saw, and the abuser may then attempt to convince her that her feelings are wrong. This is an example of countering. The abuser constantly arguing against the woman’s thoughts, feelings, opinions and experiences without telling her what he thinks. Countering is a way of dismissing and denying the partners feelings, thoughts and experiences on a regular basis. At the same time the abuser does not let the woman know what he himself think and feel. A constructive discussion becomes impossible in a relationship where one person counter regularly. Even the woman’s most subjective feelings will be countered. Countering can make conversation so hard you stop offering your opinion, which is what your abuser wants you to do.

 

3. Discounting

 

The woman’s reality and experiences will be reduced by the abuser. When she talks about herself and how she feels, these things have no value for the abuser. If the partner is trying to tell the abuser that she gets sad when he jokes at her expense, she can be told: “You are hypersensitive ‘or’ You have no sense of humor”. Other frequent statements that devalues ​​women’s negative and subjective experiences is: “You make a too big deal out of this,” “You blow everything up,” “You take things too seriously,” “You’re just trying to start a fight” You are too sensitive” ”You have no sense of humor” or ” you just like complaining. ” These statements are all examples of verbal abuse because they devalue the partner’s subjective experiences and points out that there is something wrong with her and her way of experiencing reality. The woman thus becomes verbally assaulted twice, first when she becomes the victim of jokes at her expense, as well as when her experience gets rejected while at the same time as her person is defined an labeled in a negative way (humorless, quarrelsome, hypersensitive, etc.).

5. Blocking and diverting

Blocking and diverting is a form of withholding but one where the abuser decides which topics are good conversation topics.The abuser controls the relationship and the woman by refusing to discuss certain things. He may withhold the victim important information or determine what is allowed to talk about in the relationship. Conflicts can thus never be resolved. The abuser may dissipate by changing the subject or by saying that there is nothing more to say, even if the partner wants to continue (or even start) to talk about something that concerns her. Other strategies include to walk away, turn up the volume on the TV, start doing something else, talk about the weather and laughing at her. Abuser can, while he blocks, undermine the woman as a person with statements like: “Who asked for your opinion?” “That’s too complicated for you to even understand,” “You think you know everything,” “Whence did you get that stupid idea? ” ”You are trying to destroy my day/weekend/holiday on purpose?” ”Shut up or I will leave you”.

In fairy tales, there is always the prince charming and the bad guy. In real life, prince charming is the bad guy.

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7. Criticism and condemnation

The abuser criticises, labels and defines the woman regularly. If she protests against his criticism, he can often tell her that he was just trying to help her, or that he just wanted to give a tip to make it easier for her, that she is to sensitive or is getting it wrong. An excessively helpful hand can be masked criticism, because it gives the message that the woman cannot handle things on their own. Criticism can also be expressed while being together with others, which is portrayed in anecdotes that focus on the partner’s shortcomings and mistakes. Statements that are negative and starts with “You’re …” is often judgmental and critical, and hence expression of verbal abuse. “The problem with you is …”, “You’re crazy,” “You do not tolerate a joke,” “You’re never satisfied,” ”You are a looser” ”You are good at nothing” ”You are mentally sick” ”You are to old and fat” ”You never get things right” are all examples of verbal abuse.
Criticism directed at you as a person as well as your personal accomplishments is designed to hurt your self-esteem and break you down.

9. Undermining

Undermining is similar to trivialising but further consists in undermining everything the victim says or suggests, making her question herself and her own opinions and interests. The man who undermine this partner often has already abused her in other ways. Women therefore have a lower self-esteem and are more vulnerable and open to what is happening now. When the abuser undermines his woman’s interest and enthusiasm he dim’s it with various comments. If she wants to pursue lets say a special interest or a course in her spare time, he might say, “What’s the point of it really?”. If she has an idea about something she wants to realise he might say, ”That’s never going to happen”. ”There are other things that are much more important” ”I can’t see how that’s going to add any value to our family” ”Well that’s a stupid thought” ”Haha, for real, you must be joking” He can also sabotage her by actively interrupting her conversations with other people, disturb her repeatedly when she is talking on the phone or otherwise hinder her activities or socialising.

8. Trivializing

When you trivialize you say in one way or another that what the other has said, expressed or accomplished is insignificant. It can be difficult to see the trivializing for what it is, because it is often expressed in a friendly, innocent and sincere tone. An abuser who trivialize can get the woman to feel confused and depressed. She may think that she has not managed to get the man to understand how much her interests, heart issues or job means to her. He might hardly say anything at all when she tells him about a success at work, that she would love to start a study circle, but interrupts her to give her compliments for cleaning the home before he got home or for wearing that dress. Alternatively he can tell her that it was a stupid idea, How could she think that it is something to be happy and proud of, talk about something that he has done better, or his hard day at work.

In this way the abuser is trying to make you feel that what matters most to you in your life, have no value.

10. Threats

 Threatening is a common form of verbal abuse and can be very explicit, as in “If you don’t start doing what I say, I will leave you” ” If you try to leave me I will take the children from you” ” If you scream so the neighbours will hear you I’m going to make sure I will lock you in a mental hospital” ”If you don’t have sex with me exactly the way I want, I will find someone else that will” ”If you don’t shut up I will crush your head” ” If I find you lying to me I will kill you” or more subtle, as in “If you don’t follow my advice, others will find out that you are a very unreliable person.” The man controls the woman by threats making her insecure and afraid to leave him, to talk with someone or report him.

 If you are threatened with physical violence, it is a big warning sign that physical violence is becoming a reality in the relationship, which can be dangerous for you and any children in the family. Make sure to get support and assistance as soon as possible. Do not wait to see if it will get worse, but get help and take the threats seriously.

Abusers often fool people OUTSIDE of ther home, because they only abuse INSIDE the home.

11. Bad words

Bad words, labels and phrases are verbal abuse, and perhaps that is precisely what most of us automatically associate with verbal abuse. All the nasty, ugly, derogatory and vulgar words are verbal abuse. Name calling, too, can be explicit or subtle. Explicit name calling can consist in calling the victim of the abuse a “cunt” a “whore”, ”stupid” ”a ”looser” or a “bitch” ”lazy” ”useless” ”fat-ass” ”gold-digger” ”retard”. But it can also be more subtle, calling the other person things that are implicitly hurtful, for instance, “You are such a victim” ”You are such a pussy” or “You think you are so precious, don’t you?” He can even give her a nickname that is more offensive than sweet.

I was so busy trying TO protect you, that I didn’t see that I needed to be protected FROM you.

12. Forgetting

The verbal abuse and it’s various forms of manipulation is denied by the abuser. He can completely deny that a certain event altogether has happened, or to insinuate that the women is exaggerating. For the partner, it can be very frustrating and confusing, because she actually remember that a particular event has taken place. It can at times be something that just happened yesterday, today or 2 minutes ago and he will bluntly deny that it has ever happened. The abuser may also “forget” to tell the woman, important information for her. He might tell everyone else except his partner about changed plans. We can all forget occasionally, but constantly to “forget” different kind of information is a manipulative means to gain control over the woman. “Forgetfulness” can destroy her in different ways and can make her appear pixilated, irrational and perhaps embarrassing. The abuser’s “forgets” often appears to the couple’s environment to be innocent, random and “no offence”.

14. Giving orders

Some abusers have a habit of giving their partner orders, another means to control her. The abuser assumes the right to decide over his partner, as if she is not her own person, but more an extension of himself or a property or employee. Examples of orders: “Pick that up.” ”Clean that up” “You cannot go out now.” “You cannot wear that.” ”Smile” ”Shut up” ”Go to bed”

13. Crazy-Making / Gas-Lighting

The man can deny that an event has taken place. He can consciously change things at home or orchestrate the entire sequence of events which he denies. This is a very manipulative, but for the abuser an effective way to control the woman. The woman may feel as if she is slowly losing her mind, because the man calmly and confidently claim that the woman has experienced or observed never happened, and he might tell you what happened instead in a convincing manner, even thought she knows it not to be true. If the woman at this stage has started to become isolated from family and friends, it becomes even more difficult for her to trust their own experiences. The only thing she has to rely on is herself and the man, and verbal abuse in general, crazy-making takes from her ability to trust what she is experiencing, it may seem as if the man is the logical, level-headed and intelligent of them two. The woman can conclude that the man must have been right in what he says. The man, for example, might be openly flirting with another woman in front of the partner. Then he denies the incident ever took place and makes out that the partner is controlling and sickly jealous, causing the partner to finally apologise for her “jealousy”. Crazy-making breaks down a person and cause confusion, frustration, pain, isolation and shame. An example of crazy-making is depicted in the English play “Gas Light” from 1938. The man in the play wants to drive his wife mad and do it by constantly changing the lighting in the home, something he consciously denies to her. The term gas-lighting comes from this piece, and it’s purpose is to show how one can control the senses of a person with this type of manipulation. The abuser get the woman to believe what is not true, remember what has not happened, and deny what has happened.

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15. Denial

The abuser denies that he ever abused his partners verbally, emotionally or physically. He uses the might of crazy-making (see above). He may say that he loves his partner and would never ever be able to hurt her. All of this is denial, because it is abuse and he has injured his partner and what he does is not a sign of love. Examples of denial statement: “You make it all up.” “That has never happened.” “You get upset over nothing.” “You must be crazy.” ”You have seen too many movies, you have too much imagination.” ”You know I love you, I would never hurt you” ”You are inventing things” While the partner knows: She does not make up anything. That it certainly has happened. She is not at all upset over “Nothing”. She’s not crazy.
In time, it may become increasingly difficult for the woman to see the denial for what it is. She takes the man’s picture of her and have a vague feeling that maybe she’s crazy, she might exaggerate, that she might not be telling the truth. The man’s “truth” characterizes the relationship more. The verbal abuser is often cool calm and collected. He seems to be logical and intelligent. The abusers statements of the partner is often given more weight because she thinks that he knows her so well. These circumstances make it difficult for the woman to retain her own perspective and her trust in herself. The abuser may be tireless in feeding the woman with his version of “the truth” about the relationship and the woman.

Trust your intuition. Feel how it feels to you, in your body and what your feelings. Focus on yourself and what you know. Do not think about what the abuser think of, and do not put energy into trying to convince him that things have actually happened. He knows.

Various forms of Psychological abuse

16. Rage, Anger

The abuser may have unexpected outbursts of rage, in which he criticises and blames the partner. Afterwards he never apologise for those outbursts of rage, which can be frightening and unexplainable to the partner. There is nothing the woman can do to prevent an outbreak, but it’s possible she believes it and consequently alter or adjust her behaviour. This kind of anger breaks down the partner, who live in a constant fear that an eruption could occur at any moment, often when she least expects it. While she may not be aware of how much outbreaks actually affect her, she experiences pain and confusion and constantly live with these feelings. Each eruption throws her off balance. Maybe she is constantly on guard. She might be unaware of it, but the stress affect her mentally and perhaps even physically. The fury eruptions often escalate with time, as well as the verbal and physical abuse as a whole. This type of anger can manifest as: severe irritation, screaming, yelling, “exploding”. It can also take the form of sarcasm directed against the woman; sarcasm is often the tip of the iceberg.

If your partner may rage, it is very important for you to know that you are not responsible for these outbursts, regardless if he is accusing you for it. You have no part in the occurrence of these outbreaks, and it is not your fault that the abuser is yelling at you, hiss at you, staring at you or pours his aggressiveness over you. The abuser will want you to believe it, however, and he can behave blaming and accusing. Since you have not caused these outbreaks, you should not have to defend yourself or explain yourself. You may need to protect yourself.

You cannot prevent these outbreaks from occurring through behaving in a certain way. You may think that you can prevent anger by talking calmer, be quiet, do what he wants, to be more supportive, sweet, neat, generous, tidy and timely, and so on. Nothing you do will prevent or stop the rage outbursts, as they are not caused by you in any manner whatsoever. They are caused by the abusers own anger and inner tension, his need to have power and control over you, his attitudes and values. They do not have anything to do with you, but they affect you.

If you feel afraid when your partner gets a fit of rage, you should take your fears seriously and it may mean you need to protect yourself. The best way is to walk away if you can.

 

When people treat you like they don’t care, believe them.

 

Various forms of Psychological abuse

There is more…

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Sexual Control

The abuser can get us to submit to them sexually by claiming if we don’t have sex with them at least X amount of times per week/month, or precisely in the way that they want, they will be forced to sleep with other people. Non compliance can result in aggression, sarcasm or silencing treatment for days. We may wake up to them on top of us, having sex with us without our consent. This is rape and is most often done when the victim has had too much to drink and passes out or has taken a sleeping aid and isn’t easily awakened. Especially abusers with narcissistic traits are often sex and porn addicts. They may demean us during sex or after, telling us we are whores, sluts, cunts, or force/provoke/convince/black-mail us to behave in degradable manners that we don’t want. Sometimes the victims are so desperate to make sure their partner doesn’t cheat, are afraid of their angry outbursts or silencing treatments, or that they will leave them, that they give in to the abusers sexual demands. At times it is the opposite and they/some withhold sex/intimacy as punishment.

Financial Control

Financial control can be obtained in many ways such as coercing partners to pay for all expenses, including rent, food, and utilities. Or they can even be seemingly generous, when they want, with the things that they feel like being generous with, putting on a show, to be seen as a good generous husband/boyfriend/father. Doing “nice” things for us and later getting angry and telling us we never do anything for them and then they remind us of all the times they did “nice” things for us or went out of their way for us. Accusing us of not appreciating all that they do. Planning/surprising us with a “nice” activity and then calling us ungrateful and saying we wasted their time and money because we are tired or don’t feel well. Accusing us of using them for things, such as a place to stay, a vacation, sex, popularity, security, money, work etc. Asking us to pay for them. Taking money from us. Controlling all the finances. All of these situations set the victim up to feel a sense of obligation to and dependance on the abuser at the same time as it is an other means to control the victim.

Medicine or Treatment Withholding

With elderly, sick or dis-abled people the abuser can deny their partner important medicine, painkillers, nerve-calming medicine or important medical treatment. If the abuser also is the caretaker the abuse could show itself in may different ways, like not helping the partner to go outside, not helping her to get to the toilet in time, leaving her alone for long periods, making the injections or other home-treatments in a painful manner etc. It can be used as a threat or punishment, to control, instill fear and insecurity or as a means of crazy-making/ gaslighting when mixing up medicines or changing the doses

Future Faking

Is when somebody talks about or hints at the future to get what they want in the present. Abusers do this especially after a fight or when they see that we are becoming stronger and not so easily controlled or manipulated. It could be the promise of buying a home that you have dreamt of for a long time, a holiday, moving to another country, that soon he will stop to work so much, claiming he want everything that you want, a child, that you can stay at home and he will work or even smaller things like telling you he will give you a massage or take a walk in the nature, whatever he knows is important to you. Future faking is often done when the victim has almost lost all hope of saving the relationship. The abuser will dangle fragments of hope in the form of a bright and happy future to keep us hanging on. We fall for this because we want to believe in this twisted fairytale and that maybe the narc has finally seen the error of his ways. The talks of the future and niceties last just long enough to get us reinvested in the relationship and then BAM! Your partner is back to being an abusive, pathological psycho. 

Spying and Stalking

With the instinct of a predator, some abusers feel that he owns you, that it is his right to hunt you down and always know what you are doing, where you are, what you are thinking about, whom you are talking with, what you are talking about and what you are buying, this also goes for past and future tense as well. They are always trying to dig up dirt that they can use to frame, blackmail, hurt or humiliate others. They will use any information they can, often distorted, out of proportion or based to create a trustworthy lie, to come between you and the things and people you love. They salivate over a juicy piece of gossip and they get a high from hearing about other peoples mistakes, failures, tragedies, embarrassments and shortcomings. For them it’s all about looking and appearing good instead of actually being good. Stalking, personally following you by car or foot, or appearing in random places without warning, hiring detectives, installing spy-ware in your phone, hacking your computer and reading all your emails and watching all your photos, even before you met, monitoring and recording phone calls, sms conversations, remotely controlling the camera, microphone and recording mood of your cellphone, surveillance cameras at home, sms messages that appear on his phone whenever you buy something with your credit card etc. If you have left him or he is afraid you will leave him or talk about/report the abuse he might black-mail you to put a private sex film or a nude photo online if you don’t stop. Any information about you in his hands is dangerous as he is a strategic chess player at war, a predator after his prey. The more the abuser manage to control your life’s basic needs, like food, money, shelter and security, …and your children if you have any, the safer and more in control he will feel.

Using and Abusing the Children

As a witness

Witnessing can mean SEEING actual incidents of physical/and or sexual abuse and threatening behavior. It can mean HEARING threats, insults, screaming, name calling, degrading comments or fighting noises. Children may also OBSERVE the aftermath of mental or physical abuse such as blood, bruises, tears, torn clothing, and broken items. Finally children may be AWARE of the tension in the home such as their mother’s fear and insecurities around the father.

What are the feelings of children who are exposed to battering?
Children who are exposed to battering become fearful and anxious. They are always on guard, watching and waiting for the next event to occur. They never know what will trigger the abuse, and therefore, they never feel safe. They are always worried for themselves, their mother, and their siblings. They may feel worthless and powerless.

Children who grow up with abuse are expected to keep the family secret, sometimes not even talking to each other about the abuse. Children from abusive homes can look fine to the outside world, but inside they are in terrible pain. Their families are chaotic and crazy. They may blame themselves for the abuse thinking if they had not done or said a particular thing, the abuse would not have occurred. They may also become angry at their siblings or their mother for triggering the abuse. They may feel rage, embarrassment, and humiliation.

Abuse directed at the child
Types of child abuse

  • Emotional abuse
  • Neglect
  • Physical abuse
  • Family violence
  • Sexual abuse
  • Organised sexual abuse

 

Physical violence

If the man is smashing objects, kicking or hitting the wall, holding the woman against her will, locking her in a room, pulling on her clothing or body, touches her in a frightening or degrading way, driving scarily fast during a quarrel, threatens to become violent, raises his fist at the woman as if he is on the way to hit her, handling or displaying weapons in from of her, destroying objects the woman cares about, hurting her animal, or abusing their children, throwing things against her or pushing her, he has already made use of physical violence to control her.
All these above acts form part of physical violence. They inflict fear in the partner and is used by the abuser to control his woman further, showing her what he is capable of doing. He may also, in different ways, prevent her from sleeping at night, as a way to break her down and brainwash her.

If the man so much as hit the woman once the relationship is violent. It will not get better and will almost certainly happen again. One should not assume that you would be an exceptional case. There are no exceptions. One should be aware that it will happen again, sooner or later. It may be well worth considering the option to leave the relationship, how kind and sweet a man he can be at times. It can be vital to get out of the relationship if physical violence has occurred or there is a threat of physical violence in the picture. Physical violence will increase and become more serious and it will be increasingly more difficult for the women to get out of the relationship with time.

Get out in time, don’t become yet another woman killed by her partner.

Get out in time before you lose your self-esteem, your joy, your personality, your will and your mind.

With Love, Ami Elsius

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Non Country-Specific Resources:

 

Hot Peach Pages

What it offers: A comprehensive, global directory of domestic violence agencies. It is available in multiple languages and provides links to resources in nearly every country.

Link: Hot Peach Pages

The Pixel Project: Worldwide List of Domestic Violence Helplines

What it offers: An extensive list of helplines, crisis centers, and support networks by country. The page is frequently updated to provide the most current information.

Link: The Pixel Project

UN Women: List of National Helplines and Resources for Survivors

What it offers: UN Women provides a list of domestic violence helplines and support services, with a specific focus on gender-based violence.

Link: UN Women

Women Against Violence Europe (WAVE)

What it offers: WAVE provides an interactive map and detailed directory of women’s shelters and domestic abuse organizations across Europe. It also includes contact information for helplines.

Link: WAVE

Love is Respect (Global Section)

What it offers: Primarily a US-based resource, but also provides resources and helplines for victims of abuse globally, especially for younger victims of domestic violence.

Link: Love is Respect

Domestic Shelters

What it offers: A directory of over 3,000 domestic violence programs and shelters in the U.S. and Canada, as well as helpful articles and guides.

Link: Domestic Shelters

No More (International Section)

What it offers: Provides a global list of domestic violence helplines by country, alongside tools for survivors and advocates.

Link: No More


Region-Specific Resources:

North America

RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) – USA

What it offers: The largest anti-sexual violence organization in the U.S., offering 24/7 confidential support through phone and online chat.
Link: RAINN

National Domestic Violence Hotline – USA

What it offers: 24/7 confidential support for victims of domestic violence through phone and online chat.
Link: The Hotline

Domestic Shelters – USA & Canada

What it offers: A directory of over 3,000 domestic violence programs and shelters in the U.S. and Canada, plus helpful articles and guides.
Link: Domestic Shelters

Canadian Women’s Foundation – Canada

What it offers: Provides a directory of shelters, services, and helplines for women experiencing domestic violence across Canada.
Link: Canadian Women’s Foundation

Helping Survivors – USA & Canada

What it offers: A resource hub offering helplines, legal resources, and support services for survivors of sexual assault and domestic violence.
Link: Helping Survivors


Europe

Refuge – UK

What it offers: The largest provider of specialist domestic abuse services in the UK, offering a 24-hour helpline and emergency accommodations.
Link: Refuge

Women’s Aid – UK

What it offers: A national charity providing support services for women and children experiencing domestic abuse, including helplines and online resources.
Link: Women’s Aid

Women Against Violence Europe (WAVE)

What it offers: An interactive map and directory of women’s shelters and domestic abuse organizations across Europe.
Link: WAVE

Victim Support Europe

What it offers: Provides support services and resources to victims of crime, including domestic violence, throughout Europe.
Link: Victim Support Europe

France Victimes – France

What it offers: A national helpline and support network for victims of domestic violence, crime, and abuse across France.
Link: France Victimes

Women’s Rights Foundation – Malta

What it offers: Legal support, counseling, and helpline services for women experiencing domestic violence and abuse in Malta.
Link: Women’s Rights Foundation

Asia

SAFENet (Southeast Asia)

What it offers: A digital safety network providing help for victims of domestic violence and online harassment across Southeast Asia.
Link: SAFENet

Women’s Helpline 181 – India

What it offers: A national toll-free helpline offering support for women in distress, including victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse.

The Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) – Asia

What it offers: Regional advocacy network offering support and resources for women experiencing gender-based violence.
Link: AWID

Japan Women’s Network for Disaster Risk Reduction – Japan

What it offers: Support and advocacy for women affected by domestic violence, especially in crisis situations.
Link: Japan Women’s Network

Women and Child Protection Center – Philippines

What it offers: Government-operated helplines and services for women and children facing domestic violence and abuse in the Philippines.
Link: Philippine Commission on Women

Korea Women’s Hot-Line – South Korea

What it offers: A non-profit organization dedicated to protecting women’s rights and combating gender-based violence in South Korea. Services include telephone counseling, legal assistance, shelter services, and advocacy programs aimed at promoting gender equality.
Link: Korea Women’s Hot-Line

Legal Assistance Services – South Korea

What it offers: A directory of legal assistance services in South Korea, including support for survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, and other legal matters. It provides access to organizations offering legal counseling, advocacy, and representation.
Link: Legal Assistance Services – South Korea

South America

Argentina – Línea 144

What it offers: A national helpline providing 24/7 support for victims of gender-based violence and domestic abuse, offering assistance to women and children.
Link: Línea 144

Argentina – Línea 137

What it offers: A helpline for immediate assistance in situations of family and sexual violence, providing psychological support and intervention.
Link: Línea 137

National Registry of Femicides

What it offers: Provides statistical data and reports on femicides in Argentina, aiming to raise awareness and inform policy decisions.
Link: National Registry of Femicides


Brazil – Ligue 180

What it offers: A government-operated national domestic violence helpline providing immediate assistance to victims of abuse, including legal advice and shelter resources.
Link: Ligue 180

Maria da Penha Institute

What it offers: An organization dedicated to combating domestic violence through education, advocacy, and support services for women.
Link: Maria da Penha Institute

Brazilian Women’s Group

What it offers: Provides support and resources for Brazilian women, including those facing domestic violence, through community programs and advocacy.
Link: Brazilian Women’s Group

Servicio Nacional de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género (SERNAMEG) – Chile

What it offers: Provides 24-hour domestic violence support services, legal aid, and shelters across Chile.

Link: SERNAMEG Chile

Peruvian Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations (MIMP)

What it offers: The Ministry operates a national helpline and network of shelters for victims of domestic abuse across Peru.

Link: MIMP Peru

Red Nacional de Refugios – Mexico

What it offers: A network of shelters and helplines across Mexico that provides services for victims of domestic violence and their families.

Link: Red Nacional de Refugios


 

Pacific Region

Pacific Women (Pacific Islands)

What it offers: Pacific Women supports women in 14 Pacific Island countries through various domestic violence services, including helplines, shelters, and legal support.

Link: Pacific Women

Lifeline Aotearoa – New Zealand

What it offers: Lifeline Aotearoa provides confidential support and helplines for individuals experiencing domestic abuse. They offer 24/7 crisis helplines, as well as connections to other domestic violence resources.

Link: Lifeline New Zealand

1800RESPECT – Australia

What it offers: 1800RESPECT is a national sexual assault, domestic, and family violence counseling service available 24/7. They offer phone and online chat support for those impacted by domestic abuse.

Link: 1800RESPECT Australia

Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre

What it offers: The FWCC provides counseling, legal services, and helpline support for women experiencing domestic violence in Fiji and neighboring Pacific Islands.

Link: Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre

Micronesian Legal Services (Micronesia)

What it offers: Legal assistance for survivors of domestic violence in the Federated States of Micronesia, including support for legal protection orders.

Link: Micronesian Legal Services

 


 

Middle East

KAFA (Enough Violence and Exploitation) – Lebanon

What it offers: KAFA provides support for victims of domestic violence, including legal aid, psychological counseling, and shelter services.

Link: KAFA Lebanon

The Jordanian Women’s Union (JWU) – Jordan

What it offers: JWU operates a 24/7 domestic violence hotline and offers services such as legal support, psychological counseling, and shelters for women.

Link: Jordanian Women’s Union

Al-Shamiya Human Rights Association – Iraq

What it offers: Focuses on providing support for women who are victims of domestic violence and gender-based violence in Iraq, including legal support and access to shelters.

Link: Al-Shamiya Human Rights

Aman Network – Palestine

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Link: Aman Network Palestine

Saudi Arabia National Family Safety Program

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Link: National Family Safety Program

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Holistic Trauma Healing Program

Bonus Material 1
NEWSLETTER

The Narcissistic Abuse Lexicon: 130 Terms Explained

The Narcissistic Abuse Lexicon: 130 Terms Explained

The Narcissistic Abuse Lexicon: 130 Terms Explained

When diving into the world of narcissistic abuse and trauma healing, the terminology can often feel overwhelming. That’s why I’ve created The Narcissistic Abuse Lexicon or Glossary— a straightforward guide with 130 of the most common terms explained.

Organized into clear categories, this lexicon is designed to help you quickly understand the key concepts, dynamics, and effects of narcissistic relationships and tools for recovery. At the end, you will find all the terms ordered alphabetically.

I hope that this resource will bring you more clarity and ease in navigating the complex terrain of narcissistic abuse and trauma healing.

 

AdobeStock 54411084.jpeg?ixlib=rails 4.2

Core Concepts and Dynamics in Narcissism

Flying Monkeys
Flying monkeys are individuals who the narcissist manipulates to do their bidding, often unknowingly. These enablers may spread the narcissist’s smear campaigns, pressure the victim, or undermine the victim’s credibility, reinforcing the narcissist’s control and isolating the victim further.

Love Bombing
Love bombing is the practice of overwhelming someone with excessive affection, attention, and gifts to create dependency and emotional attachment. Narcissists use this tactic during the idealisation phase of a relationship to establish control.

Smear Campaign
A smear campaign involves spreading false or exaggerated information to tarnish the victim’s reputation. Narcissists use this tactic to isolate victims, gain sympathy, or discredit them in the eyes of others.

DARVO Technique (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender)
DARVO is a manipulation strategy where the narcissist denies their actions, attacks the victim, and reverses the roles of victim and offender. This tactic confuses the victim and shifts attention away from the narcissist’s behaviour.

JADE Technique (Justify, Argue, Defend, Explain)
JADE is not a tactic of narcissists but a guideline for victims. It advises against Justifying, Arguing, Defending, or Explaining oneself to a narcissist, as doing so fuels their need for control and prolongs conflict.

Grey Rock Technique
The Grey Rock technique involves making oneself as uninteresting and emotionally unresponsive as possible when interacting with a narcissist. This strategy reduces the narcissist’s ability to extract emotional reactions or control.

BIFF Communication Model (Brief, Informative, Friendly, Firm)
The BIFF model is a communication approach designed to handle high-conflict individuals. It emphasises keeping interactions Brief, Informative, Friendly, and Firm to de-escalate potential conflicts while maintaining boundaries.

Projection
Projection is a defence mechanism where the narcissist attributes their own unacceptable feelings, motives, or behaviours to others. For instance, a narcissist accusing someone of lying may be projecting their own dishonesty.

Triangulation
Triangulation involves introducing a third party into a relationship to manipulate dynamics, create jealousy or competition, and maintain control. This tactic often fosters mistrust and isolates the victim.

Trauma Bond
A trauma bond is an emotional attachment that forms between a victim and their abuser due to cycles of abuse and intermittent reinforcement of affection. This bond makes it difficult for the victim to leave the relationship despite the harm.

Devaluation Phase
The devaluation phase occurs when a narcissist begins to criticise, demean, or withdraw affection from their victim. This phase follows the idealisation stage and is designed to erode the victim’s self-worth and maintain power.

Idealisation Phase
The idealisation phase is the initial stage of a relationship where the narcissist elevates the victim through excessive praise, affection, and attention. This creates dependency and sets the stage for later manipulation.

Discarding Phase
Discarding is the abrupt ending of a relationship by the narcissist once they perceive the victim as no longer useful. This phase often leaves the victim confused and emotionally devastated.

Abuse Cycle
The abuse cycle is a repetitive pattern in narcissistic relationships that includes three main stages: idealisation, devaluation, and discard. This cycle creates dependency and trauma bonds, keeping the victim trapped.

Narcissistic Supply
Narcissistic supply refers to the attention, admiration, and validation narcissists crave to maintain their self-esteem. Supply can be positive (e.g., praise) or negative (e.g., anger or fear), as long as it reinforces their sense of importance.

Narcissistic Rage
Narcissistic rage is an intense, disproportionate anger response to perceived criticism, rejection, or threats to the narcissist’s ego. It often manifests as verbal outbursts, emotional manipulation, or silent treatment.

Narcissistic Injury
A narcissistic injury is the emotional pain or humiliation narcissists feel when their self-esteem or grandiosity is threatened. This can trigger defensive behaviours like rage or withdrawal.

Narcissistic Stare
The narcissistic stare is an intense, unsettling gaze often used by narcissists to intimidate or exert dominance. This nonverbal behaviour is a tool for establishing control in interactions.

Gaslighting
Gaslighting is a manipulation tactic where the narcissist distorts reality, causing the victim to doubt their perceptions, memories, or sanity. Over time, gaslighting erodes the victim’s confidence and self-trust.

Baiting
Baiting involves provoking the victim into reacting emotionally, which the narcissist then uses to shift blame, play the victim, or justify their behaviour.

Coercion
Coercion is the use of threats, intimidation, or manipulation to force someone into compliance. Narcissists often use coercion to maintain power and control in relationships.

Hoovering
Hoovering is a tactic where the narcissist attempts to re-engage or pull the victim back into the relationship after a period of separation. This often involves false promises, apologies, or love bombing.

Future Faking
Future faking occurs when a narcissist makes grand promises about the future to gain trust and compliance, with no intention of following through.

Mirroring
Mirroring is the act of imitating another person’s behaviours, values, or interests to build rapport and establish trust. Narcissists use mirroring during the idealisation phase to create a false sense of connection.

Psychological and Emotional Effects

Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or values. In the context of narcissistic abuse, victims may struggle to reconcile the narcissist’s kind moments with their abusive behaviour, leading to confusion and self-doubt.

Dissociation
Dissociation is a psychological response to trauma where individuals detach from their emotions, thoughts, or surroundings. This defence mechanism helps victims cope with the overwhelming stress of abuse but can interfere with recovery and emotional connection.

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
PTSD is a mental health condition that develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness, often affecting victims of narcissistic abuse.

CPTSD (Complex PTSD)
CPTSD occurs after prolonged exposure to trauma, such as sustained narcissistic abuse. It includes symptoms of PTSD along with difficulty regulating emotions, distorted self-perception, and interpersonal challenges.

Trauma Response
A trauma response refers to the physical and emotional reactions to traumatic events. Common responses include fight, flight, freeze, or fawn behaviours, which victims of narcissistic abuse may exhibit.

Trauma
Trauma is the emotional and psychological damage caused by distressing experiences. Narcissistic abuse often results in complex trauma due to the chronic nature of manipulation and control.

Hypervigilance
Hypervigilance is a heightened state of awareness and anxiety, often seen in victims of abuse. It manifests as constant scanning for potential threats or emotional triggers, even in safe environments.

Emotional Dysregulation
Emotional dysregulation is the inability to manage or respond to emotions appropriately. Victims of narcissistic abuse may experience intense mood swings or difficulty processing emotions due to prolonged stress and manipulation.

Anxiety
Anxiety is a common psychological effect of narcissistic abuse, characterised by excessive worry, restlessness, and fear. Victims often develop anxiety as a response to unpredictable and harmful behaviours.

Depression
Depression involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and low energy. Victims of narcissistic abuse may develop depression due to prolonged emotional manipulation and loss of self-worth.

Survivor Guilt
Survivor guilt occurs when victims feel responsible for leaving an abusive situation or for the harm experienced by others who remain. This guilt can complicate recovery and foster self-blame.

Dehumanisation
Dehumanisation is the process of treating someone as less than human, stripping them of their dignity and individuality. Narcissists may use this tactic to justify their abuse and maintain control.

Emotional Contagion
Emotional contagion is the spread of emotions from one person to another, often unconsciously. Narcissists may impose their emotional states onto others to dominate or manipulate interactions.

 Parental and Familial Narcissism

PAS (Parental Alienation Syndrome)
PAS occurs when one parent manipulates a child into rejecting the other parent. Narcissistic parents often use this tactic to punish or control their co-parent, damaging the child’s emotional well-being.

Enmeshment
Enmeshment refers to overly close and controlling relationships where personal boundaries are blurred. Narcissistic parents may enmesh their children, discouraging independence and fostering dependence.

Scapegoat
The scapegoat is the family member targeted for blame and criticism by the narcissist. This individual often bears the brunt of the narcissist’s frustrations and serves as a release for their negative emotions.

Golden Child
The golden child is the favoured family member who receives excessive praise and privilege. Narcissistic parents use this dynamic to create division and maintain control within the family.

Invisible Child
The invisible child is neglected or ignored by the narcissist, often left to fend for themselves emotionally and physically. This neglect fosters feelings of worthlessness and abandonment.

Role Reversal
Role reversal occurs when a narcissistic parent forces their child to take on the role of caregiver or emotional support. This dynamic robs the child of their childhood and fosters long-term emotional challenges.

Manipulation Tactics

Silent Treatment
The silent treatment is a form of emotional punishment where the narcissist withdraws communication to exert control. This tactic creates feelings of anxiety, guilt, and rejection in the victim.

Victim Blaming
Victim blaming involves holding the victim responsible for their abuse. Narcissists use this tactic to deflect accountability and maintain power in the relationship.

Discounting
Discounting minimises or dismisses the victim’s experiences, feelings, or concerns. Narcissists use this tactic to undermine the victim’s confidence and perception of reality.

Stonewalling
Stonewalling is the refusal to engage in communication or resolve conflicts. Narcissists use this tactic to frustrate their victims and avoid accountability.

Love Withdrawal
Love withdrawal involves withholding affection or attention as a form of punishment. This tactic fosters dependency and forces the victim to conform to the narcissist’s demands.

Boundary Violations
Boundary violations occur when narcissists ignore or overstep personal, emotional, or physical limits. This behaviour reinforces their control and disregards the victim’s autonomy.

Emotional Blackmail
Emotional blackmail uses fear, guilt, or obligation to coerce the victim into compliance. This tactic manipulates the victim’s emotions to prioritise the narcissist’s needs.

Blame-Shifting
Blame-shifting redirects responsibility for negative actions onto the victim. Narcissists use this tactic to avoid accountability and maintain a sense of superiority.

Sabotage
Sabotage involves intentionally undermining the victim’s efforts, goals, or relationships to maintain control and prevent independence.

Playing the Victim
Playing the victim is a strategy where narcissists present themselves as wronged or misunderstood to gain sympathy and deflect responsibility for their actions.

Gaslighting-by-Proxy
Gaslighting-by-proxy occurs when a narcissist recruits others to question the victim’s reality or perpetuate manipulation. This tactic isolates the victim and intensifies confusion.

 

Dark Triad and Related Personality Constructs

The Dark Triad (Narcissism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism)
  The Dark Triad refers to three overlapping but distinct personality traits characterised by manipulation, self-interest, and a lack of empathy:

  • Narcissism: Involves grandiosity, entitlement, and a need for admiration.
  • Psychopathy: Marked by impulsivity, lack of empathy, and antisocial behaviours.
  • Machiavellianism: Defined by strategic manipulation, deceit, and a focus on personal gain.

Overt Narcissism
  Overt narcissism, also known as grandiose narcissism, is characterised by visible arrogance, entitlement, and a craving for attention. Overt narcissists are often confident, charismatic, and dominating.

Covert Narcissism
  Covert narcissism, or vulnerable narcissism, is more subtle and involves traits such as hypersensitivity, passive-aggressiveness, and an underlying sense of insecurity. Covert narcissists often present themselves as victims or misunderstood individuals.

Malignant Narcissism
  Malignant narcissism is an extreme form of narcissism that incorporates antisocial behaviours, paranoia, and a sadistic tendency to derive pleasure from others’ pain.

Psychopath
  A psychopath is an individual with a personality disorder marked by lack of empathy, impulsivity, and disregard for social norms. Psychopaths are often manipulative and may engage in criminal behaviour without remorse.

Sociopath
  Sociopathy is similar to psychopathy but is generally associated with more impulsive, erratic behaviour and difficulty maintaining relationships. Sociopaths may exhibit some remorse or attachment, unlike psychopaths.

Sadist
  A sadist derives pleasure from inflicting pain or suffering on others. In the context of narcissism, sadistic behaviours may involve emotional or physical harm used to exert power and control.

Machiavellian
  Machiavellians are individuals who prioritise personal gain through strategic manipulation, deceit, and exploitation. They often view relationships as transactional and lack moral considerations in their decisions.

High-Functioning Narcissist
  High-functioning narcissists are individuals who successfully channel their narcissistic traits—such as ambition and confidence—into socially acceptable or even admired behaviours. However, their underlying lack of empathy and manipulative tendencies remain intact.

Relational Aggression
  Relational aggression involves indirect forms of harm, such as gossiping, exclusion, or sabotage, often used to damage another person’s reputation or social standing. Narcissists frequently employ relational aggression to maintain dominance.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences)
  ACEs refer to traumatic events or environments experienced during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction. High ACE scores correlate with increased risks of mental health issues, including the development of narcissistic traits or vulnerabilities to abuse.

Neglect
  Neglect involves the failure to provide a child with basic emotional or physical needs. Emotional neglect in particular can lead to low self-worth, attachment issues, or narcissistic defences in adulthood.

Physical Abuse
  Physical abuse includes any deliberate infliction of harm or violence. Childhood exposure to physical abuse can contribute to trauma responses or maladaptive personality traits.

Emotional Abuse
  Emotional abuse encompasses behaviours such as humiliation, criticism, and manipulation, eroding a child’s sense of security and self-esteem. It is a common precursor to both victimisation and abusive behaviours.

Sexual Abuse
  Sexual abuse is the exploitation or violation of a child’s sexual boundaries, resulting in profound psychological and emotional trauma. Survivors often face long-term challenges in trust and self-worth.

Parentification
  Parentification occurs when a child is forced to take on adult responsibilities, such as caring for a parent or sibling. This dynamic can lead to issues with boundaries, identity, and emotional regulation in adulthood.

Stalking and Surveillance Behaviours

Spying and Stalking
  Spying and stalking involve intrusive behaviours such as monitoring the victim’s movements, communications, or activities to exert control or maintain a connection. Narcissists may use these tactics during or after relationships.

Cyberstalking
  Cyberstalking is the use of digital means, such as social media or email, to track, harass, or intimidate a victim. This is a common tactic of narcissists seeking to maintain control or retaliate.

GPS Tracking
  Some narcissists use GPS tracking devices or apps to monitor their victim’s location without consent. This tactic violates privacy and reinforces control.

Monitoring Social Media
  Narcissists may obsessively track their victim’s online presence, interactions, and posts to gather information, fuel jealousy, or prepare for future manipulative actions.

Relationship-Specific Dynamics

Codependency
  Codependency is a relational dynamic where one person prioritises the needs and desires of another over their own, often to the point of self-neglect. In narcissistic relationships, the codependent partner may become overly accommodating to the narcissist’s demands to maintain the relationship.

Enabling Behaviour
  Enabling involves actions that unintentionally support or perpetuate harmful behaviours. In relationships with narcissists, enablers may excuse, defend, or minimise the narcissist’s actions, often out of fear or dependency.

Emotional Affairs
  An emotional affair occurs when an individual forms a deep emotional connection with someone outside their primary relationship. Narcissists may engage in emotional affairs to manipulate, triangulate, or maintain a sense of superiority.

Financial Abuse
  Financial abuse is the use of money, assets, or financial control to dominate or manipulate a partner. Narcissists may restrict access to funds, accumulate debts in the victim’s name, or monitor every financial decision to assert power.

Sexual Coercion
  Sexual coercion involves pressuring or manipulating someone into unwanted sexual activity. Narcissists may use guilt, threats, or manipulation to exploit their partner’s sexual boundaries.

Identity Theft
  Identity theft occurs when a narcissist steals personal information to impersonate the victim or gain financial or social advantage. This tactic may be used as retaliation or control after the relationship ends.

Hoover Maneuver
  The hoover maneuver refers to attempts by the narcissist to “suck” the victim back into the relationship after a period of separation. This often involves love bombing, false apologies, or feigned vulnerability to regain control.
 

Narcissistic Traits and Related Behaviours

Grandiosity
  Grandiosity refers to an inflated sense of self-importance and superiority. Narcissists often exaggerate their achievements, talents, or influence to garner admiration and validate their self-image.

Sense of Entitlement
  A sense of entitlement is the belief that one deserves special treatment, privileges, or recognition without effort or merit. Narcissists expect others to prioritise their needs and may react with anger or manipulation when those expectations are unmet.

Lack of Empathy
  Narcissists exhibit a lack of empathy, making them indifferent to the feelings, needs, or suffering of others. This trait enables them to manipulate and exploit without remorse.

Pathological Lying
  Pathological lying is the compulsive habit of lying to manipulate, control, or maintain an idealised image. Narcissists may lie to protect their ego or evade responsibility.

Exploitative Behaviour
  Exploitative behaviour involves taking advantage of others for personal gain. Narcissists often view relationships as transactional and manipulate others to serve their needs or ambitions.

Arrogance
  Arrogance is the outward expression of superiority and disdain for others. Narcissists may dismiss or belittle those they perceive as inferior, further isolating themselves in their self-created hierarchy.

Psychological Projection Rebound
  This occurs when narcissists accuse others of their own negative traits or behaviours, such as dishonesty or selfishness. Projection helps them avoid self-awareness and shifts focus away from their actions.
  

Cultural and Social Contexts

Celebrity Narcissism
  Celebrity narcissism refers to narcissistic traits displayed or amplified by public figures. The fame and adoration associated with celebrity culture can foster grandiosity, entitlement, and exploitative behaviours.

Workplace Narcissism
  Workplace narcissism describes narcissistic behaviours in professional settings. This includes sabotaging colleagues, taking credit for others’ work, and dominating group dynamics to secure personal advancement.

Social Media Narcissism
  Social media narcissism is the tendency to seek validation and admiration through curated online personas. Narcissists may exploit platforms to gain attention, bolster their self-image, or manipulate others.

Collective Narcissism
  Collective narcissism involves an inflated sense of pride and superiority in one’s group, such as a nation, culture, or organisation. Members believe their group is exceptional but feel threatened by perceived criticism or lack of recognition.

Narcissistic Families
  A narcissistic family is one where the family dynamics revolve around the needs and desires of one or more narcissistic members. These families often feature rigid roles, enabling behaviours, and cycles of blame and favouritism.

Healing and Recovery

Trauma-Informed Care
  Trauma-informed care is a framework that recognises the prevalence and impact of trauma, ensuring that all aspects of care avoid re-traumatisation. It focuses on safety, empowerment, and building trust with survivors.

Emotional Regulation Techniques
  These are strategies to help individuals manage and process intense emotions. Techniques include mindfulness, deep breathing, and grounding exercises to restore emotional balance.

Self-Care Strategies
  Self-care involves intentional actions to promote physical, emotional, and mental well-being. Practices such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and restful sleep are crucial for recovery.

Grounding Exercises
  Grounding exercises are techniques used to connect individuals to the present moment, especially during emotional distress. Examples include focusing on sensory details, repeating affirmations, or performing light physical movements.

Journaling
  Journaling provides a safe space to explore thoughts, emotions, and experiences. It helps survivors process trauma, track progress, and identify patterns in their recovery journey.

Inner Child Work
  Inner child work involves reconnecting with and healing unresolved emotions or unmet needs from childhood. This practice fosters self-compassion and addresses the roots of trauma.

Vagal Toning
  Vagal toning refers to exercises that stimulate the vagus nerve, which plays a key role in regulating stress responses. Techniques include humming, tapping, singing, and deep diaphragmatic breathing.

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)
  EMDR is a therapeutic approach that helps process traumatic memories through guided eye movements. It reduces the emotional intensity of memories, enabling survivors to heal.

Emotional Freedom Technique (Tapping)
  Also known as EFT, this practice combines cognitive reframing with physical tapping on acupressure points to reduce anxiety and emotional distress.

IFS (Internal Family Systems)
  IFS is a therapeutic approach that explores the “parts” of the psyche, such as the inner critic or protector, to foster internal harmony and resolve trauma.

Somatic Experiencing
  Somatic experiencing focuses on releasing trauma stored in the body by increasing awareness of physical sensations and facilitating natural healing processes.

Body Scanning
  Body scanning involves paying attention to physical sensations throughout the body, promoting relaxation and awareness of tension or discomfort caused by trauma.

Fascia Release Therapy
  This practice targets the connective tissues (fascia) to alleviate tension and stress stored in the body. Techniques include massage, stretching, and gentle pressure.

Breathwork Techniques
  Breathwork involves controlled breathing exercises to reduce stress, regulate emotions, and improve overall mental health. Examples include box breathing and alternate nostril breathing.

Art Therapy
  Art therapy encourages creative expression as a way to process emotions and explore trauma. Drawing, painting, and sculpting are common modalities.

Music Therapy
  Music therapy uses rhythm, melody, and sound to improve emotional well-being. It helps survivors relax, express emotions, and build positive associations.

Guided Visualisation
  Guided visualisation involves imagining calming or empowering scenarios to reduce stress and promote healing. It is often used alongside mindfulness practices.

Nature Therapy (Ecotherapy)
  Nature therapy involves spending time in natural environments to improve mental health. Activities such as walking in forests or gardening help reduce stress and foster connection.

Trauma-Informed Yoga
  Trauma-informed yoga integrates physical movement with mindfulness, offering survivors a safe way to reconnect with their bodies and emotions.

Polyvagal Theory Practices
  These practices focus on regulating the nervous system through activities that engage the vagus nerve, such as humming, breathing, or gentle social interactions.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
  MBSR is an evidence-based program that teaches mindfulness techniques to reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
  PMR involves tensing and relaxing muscle groups to reduce physical tension and enhance awareness of bodily sensations.

Support Groups
  Support groups provide a safe space for survivors to share experiences, gain validation, and build a sense of community with others facing similar challenges.
 

General Psychological Terms

Emotional Intelligence
  Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand, manage, and express emotions effectively, as well as to recognise and respond to the emotions of others. It is a key skill in building healthy relationships and navigating interpersonal dynamics.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  CBT is a widely used therapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours. It is effective in treating anxiety, depression, and trauma-related issues.

Schema Therapy
  Schema therapy is an integrative approach that addresses deep-rooted patterns of thinking and behaviour, often stemming from childhood. It is particularly useful for individuals with personality disorders or complex trauma.

Attachment Theory
  Attachment theory explains how early relationships with caregivers shape one’s ability to form and maintain emotional connections. Attachment styles, such as secure, anxious, or avoidant, influence behaviour in relationships.

Resilience
  Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from adversity or trauma. Building resilience involves fostering emotional strength, supportive relationships, and coping strategies.

Empathy vs. Sympathy
  Empathy involves understanding and sharing another’s feelings, while sympathy involves feeling compassion or pity for someone’s situation. Empathy fosters connection, whereas sympathy can sometimes create emotional distance.

Boundaries in Relationships
  Boundaries are the limits individuals set to protect their emotional, physical, and mental well-being. Healthy boundaries are essential for fostering mutual respect and preventing manipulation.

Self-Compassion
  Self-compassion involves treating oneself with kindness and understanding during times of difficulty or failure. It is a powerful tool for countering shame and promoting healing.

Neuroplasticity
  Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to reorganise and form new connections throughout life. This capacity allows individuals to heal from trauma and develop healthier thought and behaviour patterns.

Shame Resilience
  Shame resilience is the ability to recognise, address, and overcome feelings of shame. Building shame resilience involves self-compassion, connection, and reframing negative self-perceptions.

Inner Critic
  The inner critic is the internal voice that judges and criticises oneself. It often stems from past experiences of criticism or shame and can be addressed through self-compassion and therapeutic work.

Assertiveness Training
  Assertiveness training helps individuals express their needs, opinions, and boundaries confidently and respectfully. It is particularly beneficial for those recovering from manipulative relationships.

Reparenting
  Reparenting is a therapeutic process where individuals learn to nurture and care for themselves in ways their caregivers may have failed to do. This approach helps heal unresolved childhood wounds.

The Narcissistic Abuse Lexicon: 130 Terms Explained - In Alphabetical Order - Photo of a Filing Cabinet

In Alphabetical Order

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) ACEs refer to traumatic events or environments experienced during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction. High ACE scores correlate with increased risks of mental health issues, including the development of narcissistic traits or vulnerabilities to abuse.

Abuse Cycle The abuse cycle is a repetitive pattern in narcissistic relationships that includes three main stages: idealisation, devaluation, and discard. This cycle creates dependency and trauma bonds, keeping the victim trapped.

Anxiety Anxiety is a common psychological effect of narcissistic abuse, characterised by excessive worry, restlessness, and fear. Victims often develop anxiety as a response to unpredictable and harmful behaviours.

Arrogance Arrogance is the outward expression of superiority and disdain for others. Narcissists may dismiss or belittle those they perceive as inferior, further isolating themselves in their self-created hierarchy.

Art Therapy Art therapy encourages creative expression as a way to process emotions and explore trauma. Drawing, painting, and sculpting are common modalities.

Assertiveness Training Assertiveness training helps individuals express their needs, opinions, and boundaries confidently and respectfully. It is particularly beneficial for those recovering from manipulative relationships.

Attachment Theory Attachment theory explains how early relationships with caregivers shape one’s ability to form and maintain emotional connections. Attachment styles, such as secure, anxious, or avoidant, influence behaviour in relationships.

BIFF Communication Model (Brief, Informative, Friendly, Firm) The BIFF model is a communication approach designed to handle high-conflict individuals. It emphasises keeping interactions Brief, Informative, Friendly, and Firm to de-escalate potential conflicts while maintaining boundaries.

Baiting Baiting involves provoking the victim into reacting emotionally, which the narcissist then uses to shift blame, play the victim, or justify their behaviour.

Blame-Shifting Blame-shifting redirects responsibility for negative actions onto the victim. Narcissists use this tactic to avoid accountability and maintain a sense of superiority.

Body Scanning Body scanning involves paying attention to physical sensations throughout the body, promoting relaxation and awareness of tension or discomfort caused by trauma.

Boundaries in Relationships Boundaries are the limits individuals set to protect their emotional, physical, and mental well-being. Healthy boundaries are essential for fostering mutual respect and preventing manipulation.

Boundary Violations Boundary violations occur when narcissists ignore or overstep personal, emotional, or physical limits. This behaviour reinforces their control and disregards the victim’s autonomy.

Breathwork Techniques Breathwork involves controlled breathing exercises to reduce stress, regulate emotions, and improve overall mental health. Examples include box breathing and alternate nostril breathing.

CPTSD (Complex PTSD) CPTSD occurs after prolonged exposure to trauma, such as sustained narcissistic abuse. It includes symptoms of PTSD along with difficulty regulating emotions, distorted self-perception, and interpersonal challenges.

Celebrity Narcissism Celebrity narcissism refers to narcissistic traits displayed or amplified by public figures. The fame and adoration associated with celebrity culture can foster grandiosity, entitlement, and exploitative behaviours.

Codependency Codependency is a relational dynamic where one person prioritises the needs and desires of another over their own, often to the point of self-neglect. In narcissistic relationships, the codependent partner may become overly accommodating to the narcissist’s demands to maintain the relationship.

Coercion Coercion is the use of threats, intimidation, or manipulation to force someone into compliance. Narcissists often use coercion to maintain power and control in relationships.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) CBT is a widely used therapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours. It is effective in treating anxiety, depression, and trauma-related issues.

Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or values. In the context of narcissistic abuse, victims may struggle to reconcile the narcissist’s kind moments with their abusive behaviour, leading to confusion and self-doubt.

Collective Narcissism Collective narcissism involves an inflated sense of pride and superiority in one’s group, such as a nation, culture, or organisation. Members believe their group is exceptional but feel threatened by perceived criticism or lack of recognition.

Covert Narcissism Covert narcissism, or vulnerable narcissism, is more subtle and involves traits such as hypersensitivity, passive-aggressiveness, and an underlying sense of insecurity. Covert narcissists often present themselves as victims or misunderstood individuals.

Cyberstalking Cyberstalking is the use of digital means, such as social media or email, to track, harass, or intimidate a victim. This is a common tactic of narcissists seeking to maintain control or retaliate.

DARVO Technique (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender) DARVO is a manipulation strategy where the narcissist denies their actions, attacks the victim, and reverses the roles of victim and offender. This tactic confuses the victim and shifts attention away from the narcissist’s behaviour.

Dehumanisation Dehumanisation is the process of treating someone as less than human, stripping them of their dignity and individuality. Narcissists may use this tactic to justify their abuse and maintain control.

Depression Depression involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and low energy. Victims of narcissistic abuse may develop depression due to prolonged emotional manipulation and loss of self-worth.

Devaluation Phase The devaluation phase occurs when a narcissist begins to criticise, demean, or withdraw affection from their victim. This phase follows the idealisation stage and is designed to erode the victim’s self-worth and maintain power.

Discarding Phase Discarding is the abrupt ending of a relationship by the narcissist once they perceive the victim as no longer useful. This phase often leaves the victim confused and emotionally devastated.

Discounting Discounting minimises or dismisses the victim’s experiences, feelings, or concerns. Narcissists use this tactic to undermine the victim’s confidence and perception of reality.

Dissociation Dissociation is a psychological response to trauma where individuals detach from their emotions, thoughts, or surroundings. This defence mechanism helps victims cope with the overwhelming stress of abuse but can interfere with recovery and emotional connection.

Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse encompasses behaviours such as humiliation, criticism, and manipulation, eroding a child’s sense of security and self-esteem. It is a common precursor to both victimisation and abusive behaviours.

Emotional Affairs An emotional affair occurs when an individual forms a deep emotional connection with someone outside their primary relationship. Narcissists may engage in emotional affairs to manipulate, triangulate, or maintain a sense of superiority.

Emotional Blackmail Emotional blackmail uses fear, guilt, or obligation to coerce the victim into compliance. This tactic manipulates the victim’s emotions to prioritise the narcissist’s needs.

Emotional Contagion Emotional contagion is the spread of emotions from one person to another, often unconsciously. Narcissists may impose their emotional states onto others to dominate or manipulate interactions.

Emotional Dysregulation Emotional dysregulation is the inability to manage or respond to emotions appropriately. Victims of narcissistic abuse may experience intense mood swings or difficulty processing emotions due to prolonged stress and manipulation.

Emotional Freedom Technique (Tapping) Also known as EFT, this practice combines cognitive reframing with physical tapping on acupressure points to reduce anxiety and emotional distress.

Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand, manage, and express emotions effectively, as well as to recognise and respond to the emotions of others. It is a key skill in building healthy relationships and navigating interpersonal dynamics.

Emotional Regulation Techniques These are strategies to help individuals manage and process intense emotions. Techniques include mindfulness, deep breathing, and grounding exercises to restore emotional balance.

Empathy vs. Sympathy Empathy involves understanding and sharing another’s feelings, while sympathy involves feeling compassion or pity for someone’s situation. Empathy fosters connection, whereas sympathy can sometimes create emotional distance.

Enabling Behaviour Enabling involves actions that unintentionally support or perpetuate harmful behaviours. In relationships with narcissists, enablers may excuse, defend, or minimise the narcissist’s actions, often out of fear or dependency.

Enmeshment Enmeshment refers to overly close and controlling relationships where personal boundaries are blurred. Narcissistic parents may enmesh their children, discouraging independence and fostering dependence.

Exploitative Behaviour Exploitative behaviour involves taking advantage of others for personal gain. Narcissists often view relationships as transactional and manipulate others to serve their needs or ambitions.

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) EMDR is a therapeutic approach that helps process traumatic memories through guided eye movements. It reduces the emotional intensity of memories, enabling survivors to heal.

Fascia Release Therapy This practice targets the connective tissues (fascia) to alleviate tension and stress stored in the body. Techniques include massage, stretching, and gentle pressure.

Financial Abuse Financial abuse is the use of money, assets, or financial control to dominate or manipulate a partner. Narcissists may restrict access to funds, accumulate debts in the victim’s name, or monitor every financial decision to assert power.

Flying Monkeys Flying monkeys are individuals who the narcissist manipulates to do their bidding, often unknowingly. These enablers may spread the narcissist’s smear campaigns, pressure the victim, or undermine the victim’s credibility, reinforcing the narcissist’s control and isolating the victim further.

Future Faking Future faking occurs when a narcissist makes grand promises about the future to gain trust and compliance, with no intention of following through.

GPS Tracking Some narcissists use GPS tracking devices or apps to monitor their victim’s location without consent. This tactic violates privacy and reinforces control.

Gaslighting Gaslighting is a manipulation tactic where the narcissist distorts reality, causing the victim to doubt their perceptions, memories, or sanity. Over time, gaslighting erodes the victim’s confidence and self-trust.

Gaslighting-by-Proxy Gaslighting-by-proxy occurs when a narcissist recruits others to question the victim’s reality or perpetuate manipulation. This tactic isolates the victim and intensifies confusion.

Golden Child The golden child is the favoured family member who receives excessive praise and privilege. Narcissistic parents use this dynamic to create division and maintain control within the family.

Grandiosity Grandiosity refers to an inflated sense of self-importance and superiority. Narcissists often exaggerate their achievements, talents, or influence to garner admiration and validate their self-image.

Grey Rock Technique The Grey Rock technique involves making oneself as uninteresting and emotionally unresponsive as possible when interacting with a narcissist. This strategy reduces the narcissist’s ability to extract emotional reactions or control.

Grounding Exercises Grounding exercises are techniques used to connect individuals to the present moment, especially during emotional distress. Examples include focusing on sensory details, repeating affirmations, or performing light physical movements.

Guided Visualisation Guided visualisation involves imagining calming or empowering scenarios to reduce stress and promote healing. It is often used alongside mindfulness practices.

High-Functioning Narcissist High-functioning narcissists are individuals who successfully channel their narcissistic traits—such as ambition and confidence—into socially acceptable or even admired behaviours. However, their underlying lack of empathy and manipulative tendencies remain intact.

Hoover Maneuver The hoover maneuver refers to attempts by the narcissist to “suck” the victim back into the relationship after a period of separation. This often involves love bombing, false apologies, or feigned vulnerability to regain control.

Hoovering Hoovering is a tactic where the narcissist attempts to re-engage or pull the victim back into the relationship after a period of separation. This often involves false promises, apologies, or love bombing.

Hypervigilance Hypervigilance is a heightened state of awareness and anxiety, often seen in victims of abuse. It manifests as constant scanning for potential threats or emotional triggers, even in safe environments.

IFS (Internal Family Systems) IFS is a therapeutic approach that explores the “parts” of the psyche, such as the inner critic or protector, to foster internal harmony and resolve trauma.

Idealisation Phase The idealisation phase is the initial stage of a relationship where the narcissist elevates the victim through excessive praise, affection, and attention. This creates dependency and sets the stage for later manipulation.

Identity Theft Identity theft occurs when a narcissist steals personal information to impersonate the victim or gain financial or social advantage. This tactic may be used as retaliation or control after the relationship ends.

Inner Child Work Inner child work involves reconnecting with and healing unresolved emotions or unmet needs from childhood. This practice fosters self-compassion and addresses the roots of trauma.

Inner Critic The inner critic is the internal voice that judges and criticises oneself. It often stems from past experiences of criticism or shame and can be addressed through self-compassion and therapeutic work.

Invisible Child The invisible child is neglected or ignored by the narcissist, often left to fend for themselves emotionally and physically. This neglect fosters feelings of worthlessness and abandonment.

JADE Technique (Justify, Argue, Defend, Explain) JADE is not a tactic of narcissists but a guideline for victims. It advises against Justifying, Arguing, Defending, or Explaining oneself to a narcissist, as doing so fuels their need for control and prolongs conflict.

Journaling Journaling provides a safe space to explore thoughts, emotions, and experiences. It helps survivors process trauma, track progress, and identify patterns in their recovery journey.

Lack of Empathy Narcissists exhibit a lack of empathy, making them indifferent to the feelings, needs, or suffering of others. This trait enables them to manipulate and exploit without remorse.

Love Bombing Love bombing is the practice of overwhelming someone with excessive affection, attention, and gifts to create dependency and emotional attachment. Narcissists use this tactic during the idealisation phase of a relationship to establish control.

Love Withdrawal Love withdrawal involves withholding affection or attention as a form of punishment. This tactic fosters dependency and forces the victim to conform to the narcissist’s demands.

Machiavellian Machiavellians are individuals who prioritise personal gain through strategic manipulation, deceit, and exploitation. They often view relationships as transactional and lack moral considerations in their decisions.

Machiavellianism: Defined by strategic manipulation, deceit, and a focus on personal gain

Malignant Narcissism Malignant narcissism is an extreme form of narcissism that incorporates antisocial behaviours, paranoia, and a sadistic tendency to derive pleasure from others’ pain.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) MBSR is an evidence-based program that teaches mindfulness techniques to reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.

Mirroring Mirroring is the act of imitating another person’s behaviours, values, or interests to build rapport and establish trust. Narcissists use mirroring during the idealisation phase to create a false sense of connection.

Monitoring Social Media Narcissists may obsessively track their victim’s online presence, interactions, and posts to gather information, fuel jealousy, or prepare for future manipulative actions.

Music Therapy Music therapy uses rhythm, melody, and sound to improve emotional well-being. It helps survivors relax, express emotions, and build positive associations.

Narcissism: Involves grandiosity, entitlement, and a need for admiration

Narcissistic Families A narcissistic family is one where the family dynamics revolve around the needs and desires of one or more narcissistic members. These families often feature rigid roles, enabling behaviours, and cycles of blame and favouritism.

Narcissistic Injury A narcissistic injury is the emotional pain or humiliation narcissists feel when their self-esteem or grandiosity is threatened. This can trigger defensive behaviours like rage or withdrawal.

Narcissistic Rage Narcissistic rage is an intense, disproportionate anger response to perceived criticism, rejection, or threats to the narcissist’s ego. It often manifests as verbal outbursts, emotional manipulation, or silent treatment.

Narcissistic Stare The narcissistic stare is an intense, unsettling gaze often used by narcissists to intimidate or exert dominance. This nonverbal behaviour is a tool for establishing control in interactions.

Narcissistic Supply Narcissistic supply refers to the attention, admiration, and validation narcissists crave to maintain their self-esteem. Supply can be positive (e.g., praise) or negative (e.g., anger or fear), as long as it reinforces their sense of importance.

Nature Therapy (Ecotherapy) Nature therapy involves spending time in natural environments to improve mental health. Activities such as walking in forests or gardening help reduce stress and foster connection.

Neglect Neglect involves the failure to provide a child with basic emotional or physical needs. Emotional neglect in particular can lead to low self-worth, attachment issues, or narcissistic defences in adulthood.

Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to reorganise and form new connections throughout life. This capacity allows individuals to heal from trauma and develop healthier thought and behaviour patterns.

Overt Narcissism Overt narcissism, also known as grandiose narcissism, is characterised by visible arrogance, entitlement, and a craving for attention. Overt narcissists are often confident, charismatic, and dominating.

PAS (Parental Alienation Syndrome) PAS occurs when one parent manipulates a child into rejecting the other parent. Narcissistic parents often use this tactic to punish or control their co-parent, damaging the child’s emotional well-being.

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) PTSD is a mental health condition that develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness, often affecting victims of narcissistic abuse.

Parentification Parentification occurs when a child is forced to take on adult responsibilities, such as caring for a parent or sibling. This dynamic can lead to issues with boundaries, identity, and emotional regulation in adulthood.

Pathological Lying Pathological lying is the compulsive habit of lying to manipulate, control, or maintain an idealised image. Narcissists may lie to protect their ego or evade responsibility.

Physical Abuse Physical abuse includes any deliberate infliction of harm or violence. Childhood exposure to physical abuse can contribute to trauma responses or maladaptive personality traits.

Playing the Victim Playing the victim is a strategy where narcissists present themselves as wronged or misunderstood to gain sympathy and deflect responsibility for their actions.

Polyvagal Theory Practices These practices focus on regulating the nervous system through activities that engage the vagus nerve, such as humming, breathing, or gentle social interactions.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) PMR involves tensing and relaxing muscle groups to reduce physical tension and enhance awareness of bodily sensations.

Projection Projection is a defence mechanism where the narcissist attributes their own unacceptable feelings, motives, or behaviours to others. For instance, a narcissist accusing someone of lying may be projecting their own dishonesty.

Psychological Projection Rebound This occurs when narcissists accuse others of their own negative traits or behaviours, such as dishonesty or selfishness. Projection helps them avoid self-awareness and shifts focus away from their actions.

Psychopath A psychopath is an individual with a personality disorder marked by lack of empathy, impulsivity, and disregard for social norms. Psychopaths are often manipulative and may engage in criminal behaviour without remorse.

Psychopathy: Marked by impulsivity, lack of empathy, and antisocial behaviours

Relational Aggression Relational aggression involves indirect forms of harm, such as gossiping, exclusion, or sabotage, often used to damage another person’s reputation or social standing. Narcissists frequently employ relational aggression to maintain dominance.

Reparenting Reparenting is a therapeutic process where individuals learn to nurture and care for themselves in ways their caregivers may have failed to do. This approach helps heal unresolved childhood wounds.

Resilience Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from adversity or trauma. Building resilience involves fostering emotional strength, supportive relationships, and coping strategies.

Role Reversal Role reversal occurs when a narcissistic parent forces their child to take on the role of caregiver or emotional support. This dynamic robs the child of their childhood and fosters long-term emotional challenges.

Sabotage Sabotage involves intentionally undermining the victim’s efforts, goals, or relationships to maintain control and prevent independence.

Sadist A sadist derives pleasure from inflicting pain or suffering on others. In the context of narcissism, sadistic behaviours may involve emotional or physical harm used to exert power and control.

Scapegoat The scapegoat is the family member targeted for blame and criticism by the narcissist. This individual often bears the brunt of the narcissist’s frustrations and serves as a release for their negative emotions.

Schema Therapy Schema therapy is an integrative approach that addresses deep-rooted patterns of thinking and behaviour, often stemming from childhood. It is particularly useful for individuals with personality disorders or complex trauma.

Self-Care Strategies Self-care involves intentional actions to promote physical, emotional, and mental well-being. Practices such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and restful sleep are crucial for recovery.

Self-Compassion Self-compassion involves treating oneself with kindness and understanding during times of difficulty or failure. It is a powerful tool for countering shame and promoting healing.

Sense of Entitlement A sense of entitlement is the belief that one deserves special treatment, privileges, or recognition without effort or merit. Narcissists expect others to prioritise their needs and may react with anger or manipulation when those expectations are unmet.

Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse is the exploitation or violation of a child’s sexual boundaries, resulting in profound psychological and emotional trauma. Survivors often face long-term challenges in trust and self-worth.

Sexual Coercion Sexual coercion involves pressuring or manipulating someone into unwanted sexual activity. Narcissists may use guilt, threats, or manipulation to exploit their partner’s sexual boundaries.

Shame Resilience Shame resilience is the ability to recognise, address, and overcome feelings of shame. Building shame resilience involves self-compassion, connection, and reframing negative self-perceptions.

Silent Treatment The silent treatment is a form of emotional punishment where the narcissist withdraws communication to exert control. This tactic creates feelings of anxiety, guilt, and rejection in the victim.

Smear Campaign A smear campaign involves spreading false or exaggerated information to tarnish the victim’s reputation. Narcissists use this tactic to isolate victims, gain sympathy, or discredit them in the eyes of others.

Social Media Narcissism Social media narcissism is the tendency to seek validation and admiration through curated online personas. Narcissists may exploit platforms to gain attention, bolster their self-image, or manipulate others.

Sociopath Sociopathy is similar to psychopathy but is generally associated with more impulsive, erratic behaviour and difficulty maintaining relationships. Sociopaths may exhibit some remorse or attachment, unlike psychopaths.

Somatic Experiencing Somatic experiencing focuses on releasing trauma stored in the body by increasing awareness of physical sensations and facilitating natural healing processes.

Spying and Stalking Spying and stalking involve intrusive behaviours such as monitoring the victim’s movements, communications, or activities to exert control or maintain a connection. Narcissists may use these tactics during or after relationships.

Stonewalling Stonewalling is the refusal to engage in communication or resolve conflicts. Narcissists use this tactic to frustrate their victims and avoid accountability.

Support Groups Support groups provide a safe space for survivors to share experiences, gain validation, and build a sense of community with others facing similar challenges.

Survivor Guilt Survivor guilt occurs when victims feel responsible for leaving an abusive situation or for the harm experienced by others who remain. This guilt can complicate recovery and foster self-blame.

The Dark Triad (Narcissism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism) The Dark Triad refers to three overlapping but distinct personality traits characterised by manipulation, self-interest, and a lack of empathy:

Trauma Trauma is the emotional and psychological damage caused by distressing experiences. Narcissistic abuse often results in complex trauma due to the chronic nature of manipulation and control.

Trauma Bond A trauma bond is an emotional attachment that forms between a victim and their abuser due to cycles of abuse and intermittent reinforcement of affection. This bond makes it difficult for the victim to leave the relationship despite the harm.

Trauma Response A trauma response refers to the physical and emotional reactions to traumatic events. Common responses include fight, flight, freeze, or fawn behaviours, which victims of narcissistic abuse may exhibit.

Trauma-Informed Care Trauma-informed care is a framework that recognises the prevalence and impact of trauma, ensuring that all aspects of care avoid re-traumatisation. It focuses on safety, empowerment, and building trust with survivors.

Trauma-Informed Yoga Trauma-informed yoga integrates physical movement with mindfulness, offering survivors a safe way to reconnect with their bodies and emotions.

Triangulation Triangulation involves introducing a third party into a relationship to manipulate dynamics, create jealousy or competition, and maintain control. This tactic often fosters mistrust and isolates the victim.

Vagal Toning Vagal toning refers to exercises that stimulate the vagus nerve, which plays a key role in regulating stress responses. Techniques include humming, singing, and deep diaphragmatic breathing.

Victim Blaming Victim blaming involves holding the victim responsible for their abuse. Narcissists use this tactic to deflect accountability and maintain power in the relationship.

Workplace Narcissism Workplace narcissism describes narcissistic behaviours in professional settings. This includes sabotaging colleagues, taking credit for others’ work, and dominating group dynamics to secure personal advancement. 

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Bonus Material 1
NEWSLETTER

Understanding Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)

Understanding Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)

Understanding Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)

Understanding Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) - Parental Alienation is written on a folder with a courtroom hammer next to it.

Introduction: Understanding Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)

What is PAS?

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a deeply disruptive psychological phenomenon that fractures families and leaves lasting scars on both children and alienated parents. Coined by Dr. Richard Gardner in the 1980s, PAS describes the deliberate psychological manipulation of a child by one parent, designed to unjustly alienate the other parent. This phenomenon, which exists at the intersection of psychology, sociology, and law, is not merely a family dispute—it is a form of emotional abuse with profound implications.

How PAS Develops

At its core, PAS thrives on a child’s dependence on their parent for security and guidance. The alienating parent exploits this vulnerability, weaving a narrative that casts the alienated parent as unworthy of love, trust, or respect. This manipulation often escalates over time, using tactics such as:

  • False allegations of abuse
  • Badmouthing the other parent
  • Eroding positive memories of the alienated parent

The result is a heartbreaking breakdown in the parent-child relationship that can persist for years, or even decades, if left unaddressed.

The Origins of PAS

The origins of PAS are often rooted in unresolved conflicts, power struggles, or personality disorders within the alienating parent. Parents with narcissistic tendencies are particularly prone to engaging in alienating behaviors, due to traits such as:

  • A lack of empathy
  • An insatiable need for control
  • A deep-seated fear of rejection

These individuals may view their child not as an independent being with their own needs but as an emotional pawn in a larger battle for dominance. This combination of narcissistic traits and deliberate manipulation makes PAS a uniquely devastating form of abuse.

Emotional and Psychological Impact on Families

The emotional and psychological toll of PAS is profound:

  • For the Alienated Parent:
    Alienated parents experience unimaginable grief and helplessness as they watch their bond with their child disintegrate. This often leads to chronic depression, anxiety, and feelings of inadequacy.
  • For the Child:
    Children face even more insidious effects, including:

     

    • Emotional Confusion: Guilt and a distorted sense of loyalty as they are coerced into rejecting a parent who once represented safety and love.
    • Developmental Issues: Stunted emotional growth, trust issues, and damaged self-esteem that persist into adulthood.

PAS as a Societal Issue

PAS’s relevance extends far beyond individual families. It intersects with legal systems, mental health services, and child welfare policies. The lack of consistent recognition in legal frameworks worldwide leaves many alienated parents without recourse and children without advocates. Despite these challenges, increased awareness and interdisciplinary collaboration among legal, psychological, and social professionals are paving the way for better interventions and protections.

A Call to Action

Understanding PAS is the first step toward addressing its devastating effects. It requires a commitment to educating not only parents and professionals but also the broader public about the insidious nature of parental alienation. Only through recognition, early intervention, and compassionate healing can the cycle of PAS be disrupted, offering hope to the families it has torn apart.

The Psychological Dynamics of PAS in Narcissistic Parenting

Traits of Narcissistic Parents and Their Impact on Children

Narcissistic parents wield a unique form of psychological power that can deeply shape a child’s emotional and relational development. These individuals, often diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) or possessing strong narcissistic traits, prioritize their need for control and validation above the well-being of their child. Within the context of PAS, this becomes particularly destructive, as these parents use the child as a tool to manipulate and harm the alienated parent.

Key traits of narcissistic parents that drive PAS include:

  1. Lack of Empathy: Narcissistic parents struggle to recognize or prioritize their child’s emotional needs. This detachment allows them to weaponize the child’s trust and loyalty without remorse.
  2. Boundary Violations: By blurring or disregarding boundaries, narcissistic parents often involve children in adult conflicts, creating emotional confusion and misplaced loyalty.
  3. Emotional Manipulation: Guilt, fear, and dependency are tools narcissistic parents use to secure the child’s alignment. They may fabricate abuse allegations, badmouth the alienated parent, or distort the child’s memories to serve their narrative.
  4. Sense of Entitlement: Narcissistic parents view their relationship with their child as an extension of their own needs. This sense of ownership justifies their belief that alienating the other parent is not only acceptable but necessary.

For the child, these behaviors erode their ability to trust their own emotions and perceptions, fostering anxiety, guilt, and a skewed understanding of relationships. Over time, the child may internalize the alienating parent’s narratives, permanently altering their view of the alienated parent and themselves.

 

Differences Between Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy in PAS

The destructive impact of PAS is magnified when traits of narcissism overlap with Machiavellianism and psychopathy, the other components of the Dark Triad. While these traits often coexist, they have distinct characteristics that influence how PAS unfolds.

  1. Narcissism:
    • Primary Goal: Self-validation and control.
    • Tactics in PAS: Narcissistic parents focus on maintaining admiration and power, often framing themselves as the “good parent” while denigrating the alienated parent.
    • Impact on the Child: The child becomes a source of emotional validation, manipulated to reinforce the narcissist’s grandiose self-image.
  2. Machiavellianism:
    • Primary Goal: Strategic manipulation and long-term gain.
    • Tactics in PAS: Machiavellians are calculated in their approach, orchestrating complex smear campaigns, restricting access to the alienated parent, and using legal systems to their advantage.
    • Impact on the Child: Children often feel trapped, torn between manipulated loyalty and the desire for independence, leading to internalized guilt and helplessness.
  3. Psychopathy:
    • Primary Goal: Exploitation and dominance without remorse.
    • Tactics in PAS: Psychopathic parents may exhibit impulsivity and recklessness, using overtly harmful strategies like intimidation, false abuse allegations, and emotional neglect.
    • Impact on the Child: The absence of emotional warmth or guilt in psychopathic parents exacerbates the child’s feelings of abandonment and emotional confusion.

The interplay of these traits creates a toxic environment in which the child becomes collateral damage in the alienating parent’s pursuit of control and dominance.

 

The Role of Cognitive Distortions in PAS

Narcissistic parents often employ cognitive distortions to justify their alienating behavior. These distortions not only reinforce their actions but also confuse the child, making it harder for them to discern truth from manipulation. Common cognitive distortions include:

  • Black-and-White Thinking: The alienating parent portrays themselves as entirely good and the alienated parent as entirely bad.
  • Projection: Accusing the alienated parent of behaviors or intentions that the alienating parent themselves exhibit.
  • Emotional Reasoning: Equating their feelings (e.g., anger or jealousy) with factual evidence of the alienated parent’s inadequacy.

These distortions erode the child’s ability to form their own judgments, embedding the alienating parent’s narrative as the sole truth.

 

Impact on the Parent-Child Relationship

Narcissistic parenting in the context of PAS fundamentally alters the child’s perception of relationships. The child is often conditioned to:

  1. View Relationships Transactionally: Love and loyalty are perceived as contingent on meeting the alienating parent’s expectations.
  2. Suppress Their Emotional Needs: Expressing affection for the alienated parent may lead to punishment or withdrawal from the narcissistic parent.
  3. Adopt a Split Perception: The alienated parent is vilified, while the narcissistic parent is idealized, creating an unstable foundation for future relationships.

These dynamics lay the groundwork for future relational struggles, including difficulty trusting others, fear of abandonment, and a propensity to replicate manipulative behaviors.

 

Breaking the Cycle of Psychological Dynamics in PAS

The psychological dynamics of PAS, particularly when fueled by narcissistic traits and the Dark Triad, represent a deeply damaging form of abuse. Understanding these dynamics is critical for identifying PAS early and intervening effectively. By recognizing the traits of narcissistic parents and their impact, as well as the interplay of broader manipulative tendencies, we can better support children and alienated parents in navigating this complex and painful dynamic.

Sad woman looking down, she's isolated from her child who is sitting with her ex husband and his lawyer in the background. The image is symbolic of Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)

The Short- and Long-Term Effects of PAS

 

Intersection with Complex Trauma

PAS is not merely a form of estrangement; it induces complex trauma for both the child and the alienated parent. Unlike single traumatic events, complex trauma arises from prolonged exposure to harmful circumstances. Here’s how it manifests in PAS:

  1. For Children:
    • Emotional Dysregulation: Chronic stress from navigating loyalty conflicts leads to anxiety, mood swings, and difficulty processing emotions.
    • Attachment Disorders: Alienated children often develop insecure attachment styles, struggling to form healthy, trusting relationships later in life.
    • Identity Confusion: The manipulated perception of the alienated parent distorts the child’s self-concept, especially if they share traits with the rejected parent.
  2. For Alienated Parents:
    • Grief and Loss: Alienated parents mourn not only the loss of a relationship with their child but also the milestones they miss during the alienation.
    • Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: Hypervigilance, flashbacks, and emotional numbness are common as parents relive the pain of rejection.
    • Shattered Self-Esteem: Constant vilification by the alienating parent erodes the alienated parent’s confidence and sense of worth.

The cyclical nature of PAS perpetuates this trauma, as alienated children may grow into adults who replicate the manipulative behaviors they experienced, passing the dysfunction to the next generation.

 

PAS vs. Protective Measures

One of the most significant challenges in addressing PAS lies in differentiating it from protective measures. While PAS involves manipulation without evidence of harm, protective measures are taken to safeguard children from legitimate abuse or neglect. This distinction is critical in legal and psychological evaluations.

Key Differences:

  1. Parental Motivation:
    • PAS: Driven by the alienating parent’s desire for control, revenge, or power.
    • Protective Measures: Focused on shielding the child from verified harm.
  2. Evidence:
    • PAS: Lacks concrete evidence of the alienated parent’s wrongdoing.
    • Protective Measures: Backed by documented cases of abuse, neglect, or endangerment.
  3. Child’s Behavior:
    • PAS: Children exhibit the Eight Characteristics of Alienation as outlined by Gardner, such as a campaign of denigration and rejection without valid reasons.
    • Protective Measures: Rejection stems from legitimate fear or discomfort caused by the abusive parent’s behavior.

Practical Application: Legal and psychological professionals must adopt a Five-Factor Model to assess cases:

  1. Does the child refuse contact with one parent?
  2. Was the parent-child relationship previously loving and healthy?
  3. Is there a lack of evidence for abuse by the alienated parent?
  4. Has the alienating parent used multiple alienation strategies?
  5. Does the child display typical alienation behaviors (e.g., borrowed narratives, lack of guilt)?

A “yes” to these factors strongly indicates PAS rather than justified estrangement.

 

Conclusion of Section

The short- and long-term effects of PAS are profound, often mirroring the symptoms of complex trauma. The emotional and relational scars it leaves on children and alienated parents demand recognition and intervention. Differentiating PAS from protective measures is crucial for legal systems and mental health professionals to navigate this complex terrain effectively, ensuring that genuine protective actions are not mistaken for alienation, and vice versa. By understanding the intricate dynamics at play, we can begin to heal the fractures PAS creates and prevent its damaging ripple effects.

 

Strategies for Rebuilding Relationships and Healing

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) leaves emotional scars that run deep, but with the right strategies and support, healing and reconnection are possible for both alienated children and parents. Recovery involves a combination of emotional, relational, and physical strategies to address the trauma caused by manipulation and estrangement. 

In-Depth Techniques for Children and Alienated Parents

1. Rebuilding the Parent-Child Relationship The first step in healing is to create a safe space where the alienated child feels free to reconnect with the alienated parent. This process is gradual and requires patience, as children may feel conflicted, fearful, or confused about re-establishing the relationship.

  • Therapeutic Interventions:
    • Trauma-Informed Therapy: Therapists trained in PAS and trauma can help children process the manipulation they experienced and rediscover positive memories of the alienated parent.
    • Supervised Visitation: In cases where trust has been severely eroded, supervised visits can provide a neutral setting for rebuilding the relationship.
    • Narrative Therapy: Encourages children to rewrite the distorted stories implanted by the alienating parent, empowering them to form their own perspectives.
  • Practical Steps for Alienated Parents:
    • Show consistent love and patience, even in the face of rejection.
    • Avoid criticizing the alienating parent in front of the child, as this reinforces the child’s inner conflict.
    • Focus on creating positive, judgment-free interactions to rebuild trust.

2. Communication Strategies Clear and empathetic communication is essential in addressing the wounds caused by PAS. Alienated parents must adopt techniques that prioritize emotional safety and avoid escalating conflicts.

  • The JADE Technique: Avoid Justifying, Arguing, Defending, or Explaining when communicating with the alienating parent. This approach minimizes emotional leverage and focuses on neutral, fact-based responses.
  • Gray Rock Technique: When interacting with the alienating parent, remain emotionally neutral and unresponsive to manipulation, denying them the satisfaction of conflict.

3. Supporting the Child’s Emotional Healing Children affected by PAS often struggle with emotional confusion, guilt, and a sense of betrayal. Rebuilding their emotional stability is critical to their long-term well-being.

  • Play Therapy: Offers a non-threatening way for children to express their feelings and explore their experiences.
  • Art Therapy: Provides an outlet for children to process their emotions creatively, often revealing insights they struggle to articulate verbally.
  • Attachment-Based Interventions: Focuses on re-establishing secure attachment bonds between the child and the alienated parent.

 

Holistic Approaches to Healing

Traditional therapy is foundational, but holistic practices can significantly enhance the healing process by addressing trauma stored in both the mind and body.

1. Somatic Practices Trauma often resides in the body, manifesting as chronic tension, anxiety, or physical discomfort. Somatic therapies help release this stored trauma:

  • Somatic Experiencing: Guides individuals to recognize and release bodily tension caused by emotional trauma.
  • Yoga and Mindfulness: Helps victims of PAS reconnect with their bodies, reduce anxiety, and foster a sense of safety.

2. Emotional Freedom Technique (Tapping) By combining acupressure with emotional processing, tapping helps alleviate stress and anxiety, making it particularly effective for children and parents overwhelmed by the emotional fallout of PAS.

3. Support Networks

  • Group Therapy: Both alienated parents and children can benefit from connecting with others who share similar experiences, reducing isolation and creating a sense of community.
  • Online Support Groups: Platforms dedicated to PAS provide resources, advice, and emotional support for those affected.

 

Building Resilience for the Future

The effects of PAS don’t end with healing the immediate relationship; long-term resilience is key to preventing the recurrence of dysfunctional patterns.

  • Parental Education Programs: These programs teach alienated parents strategies for navigating difficult relationships and supporting their children’s emotional development.
  • Coping Skills for Children: Teaching children tools like mindfulness, journaling, and emotional regulation equips them to process their feelings and build healthier relationships in the future.
  • Legal Advocacy and Awareness: Alienated parents can work with family law professionals to ensure fair custody arrangements and advocate for reforms that address PAS.

 

Conclusion of Section

Healing from PAS requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the emotional, relational, and physical dimensions of trauma. By combining evidence-based therapies, holistic practices, and community support, both alienated children and parents can rebuild trust, reconnect emotionally, and lay the groundwork for a healthier future. While the path to recovery is challenging, it is also profoundly rewarding, offering the possibility of renewed relationships and personal growth for all involved.

 

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The Global Perspective on PAS

The recognition and handling of Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) vary significantly across the globe, shaped by differences in legal systems, cultural attitudes, and awareness of psychological abuse. While some countries have integrated PAS into their legal frameworks and custody evaluations, others remain hesitant due to ongoing debates about its definition, diagnosis, and implications. 

Recognition and Progress in Different Regions

1. Europe European nations have taken varied approaches to recognizing and addressing PAS. Some have been proactive, integrating PAS into family court proceedings, while others remain cautious, prioritizing the child’s voice and judicial discretion.

  • Germany:
    • Family courts frequently order psychological evaluations to detect signs of alienation and assess its impact on the child.
    • Judges and social workers undergo specialized training to identify and address PAS.
  • Spain:
    • Judicial guidelines explicitly include PAS in custody cases, and interventions are often aimed at mitigating its effects on children.
  • United Kingdom:
    • PAS is recognized within the legal framework, with CAFCASS (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service) providing protocols for managing cases involving alienation.
  • France:
    • The French Senate recently debated whether PAS should be formally included in custody laws, emphasizing the need for nuanced, evidence-based approaches.

2. North America North America has made significant strides in recognizing PAS, with varying levels of acceptance in the legal and psychological communities.

  • United States:
    • PAS is cited in about 25% of contested custody cases. States like California and Texas have introduced legislative measures to address PAS in family law.
    • The American Psychological Association (APA) has called for cautious assessment, emphasizing the need for evidence-based evaluations to avoid misdiagnosing legitimate estrangement as alienation.
  • Canada:
    • Family courts recognize PAS as a factor in custody disputes, often involving psychological experts to assess its presence.
    • Advocacy groups like the Canadian Equal Parenting Council push for greater awareness and intervention strategies.

3. Australia Australia’s Federal Circuit and Family Court frequently encounters PAS in custody cases. The courts work with psychologists and family consultants to assess the presence of alienation and implement interventions like mandatory counseling or changes in custody arrangements.

4. Emerging Trends in PAS Education Institutions like the Institute of Family Therapy Malta have launched specialized training programs, including Europe’s first accredited postgraduate program in Parental Alienation Studies. These initiatives aim to equip professionals—social workers, lawyers, and therapists—with the skills needed to identify and address PAS effectively.

 

Legal and Social Challenges

Despite progress, PAS faces significant challenges in global recognition and application:

1. Controversy in Diagnosis Critics argue that PAS lacks a standardized diagnostic framework, making it difficult to differentiate from justified estrangement due to abuse. Misdiagnosing estrangement as PAS can endanger children by placing them back into abusive situations.

2. Inconsistent Legal Frameworks

  • Some countries lack specific laws addressing PAS, relying instead on general family law principles.
  • Jurisdictions often leave PAS assessments to judicial discretion, leading to inconsistent outcomes.

3. Cultural Variations In some cultures, loyalty to one parent or family structure may overshadow the focus on the child’s well-being, complicating the recognition of PAS.

4. Lack of Awareness In many regions, legal and mental health professionals are still unfamiliar with PAS, delaying accurate identification and intervention.

 

Advocacy and Solutions

To address these challenges, global advocacy efforts focus on increasing awareness, standardizing assessments, and integrating PAS into broader child welfare policies.

  • Education and Training:
    • Mandatory training for judges, lawyers, and psychologists to recognize and address PAS effectively.
    • Incorporation of PAS into academic curricula for social work and psychology.
  • Collaborative Approaches:
    • Interdisciplinary collaboration between legal, psychological, and social work professionals to ensure holistic evaluations and interventions.
  • Policy Development:
    • Establishing clear legal definitions of PAS and guidelines for handling suspected cases.
    • Promoting the child’s best interests as the central focus in all custody disputes.

 

 

Conclusion of Section

The global handling of PAS reflects a complex interplay of legal, cultural, and psychological factors. While significant progress has been made in some regions, widespread inconsistencies highlight the need for continued research, education, and advocacy. By learning from global best practices and addressing challenges collaboratively, professionals can ensure that children’s welfare remains at the forefront of custody decisions, paving the way for fairer, more effective interventions.

Steps Toward Awareness, Healing, and Advocacy

Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a profound challenge that impacts children, alienated parents, and families on multiple levels. Its devastating effects extend beyond immediate relationships, leaving emotional, psychological, and social scars that can persist for years. Understanding PAS, recognizing its signs, and fostering awareness are critical first steps toward addressing this pervasive issue.

 

Awareness

Increasing public, professional, and institutional awareness of PAS is essential. Many cases go unnoticed or are misunderstood, leading to prolonged suffering for the affected individuals. Awareness campaigns should focus on:

  • Education for Professionals: Judges, social workers, psychologists, and lawyers need specialized training to identify and address PAS effectively. This training should emphasize the distinction between legitimate protective measures and alienation.
  • Public Outreach: Resources like workshops, webinars, and online campaigns can educate the broader public about the dynamics of PAS, empowering parents and children to recognize and address the issue early.

 

Healing

Recovery from PAS requires a multifaceted approach that supports both the alienated child and parent in rebuilding trust, processing trauma, and fostering resilience.

  • For Alienated Parents:
    • Emotional Recovery: Alienated parents often struggle with feelings of grief, helplessness, and guilt. Trauma-informed therapy, support groups, and holistic practices like mindfulness can provide pathways to healing.
    • Reconnection Efforts: Through patience and consistent, loving behavior, alienated parents can rebuild trust with their children. Professional guidance from family therapists or mediators can be invaluable in navigating these complex dynamics.
  • For Children:
    • Therapeutic Interventions: Children benefit from trauma-informed therapies such as play therapy, art therapy, and narrative therapy, which allow them to process their emotions in a safe environment.
    • Building Resilience: Teaching emotional regulation skills, fostering independence, and helping children rebuild their self-esteem are critical components of recovery.

 

Advocacy

Addressing PAS on a systemic level requires robust advocacy efforts that push for policy reform, increased legal recognition, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

  • Policy Advocacy:
    • Promote the adoption of clear legal definitions of PAS, including guidelines for custody evaluations that center the child’s best interests.
    • Advocate for the inclusion of PAS in family law frameworks, ensuring that courts have the tools to differentiate between alienation and justified estrangement.
  • Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
    • Encourage collaboration between legal professionals, mental health experts, and child welfare advocates to develop standardized protocols for addressing PAS.
    • Facilitate global knowledge-sharing through conferences, research partnerships, and cross-border case studies.

 

A Vision for the Future

The long-term goal in addressing PAS is not only to mitigate its damage but also to prevent its occurrence. This requires a shift in how families, courts, and communities approach conflict and child welfare:

  1. Proactive Education: Equip parents with resources to navigate separation or divorce constructively, focusing on minimizing the impact on children.
  2. Legal and Social Safeguards: Ensure that custody disputes are handled with the child’s emotional and psychological needs as the central focus.
  3. Research and Innovation: Invest in ongoing research to refine diagnostic tools, therapeutic approaches, and legal interventions for PAS.

By taking these steps, we can create a future where PAS is no longer a hidden trauma but a well-understood phenomenon met with compassion, expertise, and decisive action.

 

Resources and Support

1. Parental Alienation Study Group (PASG)

A leading global organization dedicated to the research and education on Parental Alienation. https://pasg.info 

2. Institute of Family Therapy Malta

This institute offers the first European accredited master’s degree program in Parental Alienation Studies. https://ift-malta.com/ 

3. Parental Alienation Europe

An organization that provides education and resources across Europe about Parental Alienation, offering interventions and professional support. https://www.parentalalienation.eu 

4. Parental Alienation Awareness Organization (PAAO)

A well-established international organization raising awareness about PA through education, advocacy, and support. http://www.paawareness.org 

5. Canadian Equal Parenting Council

Promotes awareness of PAS and supports intervention strategies in Canada. https://equalparentingcanada.com 

6. Family Access – Fighting for Children’s Rights

Provides support and resources to families affected by parental alienation, with a focus on advocacy for children’s rights. https://www.familyaccessfightingforchildrensrights.com 

7. American Psychological Association (APA)

For detailed information on the controversy and guidelines surrounding Parental Alienation Syndrome. https://www.apa.org 

8. Springer – Encyclopedia of Adolescence

Comprehensive academic resource on PAS, featuring extensive research.

https://link.springer.com 

9. Richard A. Gardner’s Original Publications

Dr. Gardner’s foundational work on Parental Alienation Syndrome. http://www.richardagardner.com 

10. National Resource Center on Domestic Violence (VAWnet)

A research review that discusses the intersection of domestic violence and parental alienation. https://vawnet.org/material/parental-alienation-syndrome-and-parental-alienation-research-review 

These organizations play crucial roles in the recognition, study, and intervention of parental alienation, providing support and resources for affected families globally.

___

Further Education:

1. Institute of Family Therapy Malta

  • Offers the first accredited master’s degree program in Parental Alienation Studies, specifically designed for professionals working in legal, social, and psychological fields.
  • Websitehttps://iftmalta.com

2. Parental Alienation Study Group (PASG)

  • An international nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting research and education on Parental Alienation, which often involves understanding narcissistic behaviors. They also offer training sessions and host conferences for professionals involved in family law and mental health.
  • Websitehttps://pasg.info

3. American Psychological Association (APA) – Continuing Education

  • The APA offers a range of continuing education programs that focus on psychological disorders, including narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and the trauma caused by narcissistic abuse. These programs are particularly useful for psychologists, therapists, and legal professionals who work with trauma victims.
  • Websitehttps://www.apa.org/ed/ce

4. National Association of Social Workers (NASW) – Trauma-Informed Care Programs

  • NASW provides various trauma-informed care programs for social workers. These programs emphasize the importance of understanding trauma, including that caused by narcissistic abuse, and teach methods for supporting victims.
  • Websitehttps://www.socialworkers.org/

5. Trauma-Informed Practices and Polyvagal Theory – Accredited Programs

  • These courses provide an understanding of the body’s response to trauma, particularly through the lens of the Polyvagal Theory, which is helpful for treating victims of narcissistic abuse. Accredited programs are available for professionals in both mental health and legal sectors.
  • Websitehttps://www.traumainstitute.org

6. International Academy of Behavioral Medicine, Counseling and Psychotherapy (IABMCP)

  • IABMCP offers certification programs focused on family conflict, trauma, and narcissistic abuse. The programs are designed for professionals such as psychologists, counselors, and legal practitioners dealing with narcissistic individuals in their practice.
  • Websitehttps://www.iabmcp.org

7. Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) – Trauma Training

  • EFT is an energy-based therapy used to treat trauma victims, including those affected by narcissistic abuse. Certification and training programs are available for mental health professionals globally, offering techniques for emotional regulation and trauma recovery.
  • Websitehttps://www.eftuniverse.com

8. UK College of Legal Studies

  • Provides specialized training for legal professionals, including lawyers and judges, on handling cases involving narcissistic abuse and parental alienation. The courses are tailored to legal professionals in both civil and criminal family law.
  • Websitehttps://www.legalstudies.co.uk

9. Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) – Narcissism and Parental Alienation

  • Offers workshops and certifications to help social workers better understand the dynamics of narcissism and parental alienation. These programs provide valuable insights into supporting victims and managing high-conflict family situations.
  • Websitehttps://www.casw-acts.ca

10. WAVE Network (Women Against Violence Europe)

  • WAVE offers training and resources on domestic violence and emotional abuse, including courses on identifying and managing narcissistic abuse. The organization is recognized throughout Europe for providing comprehensive support for professionals involved in legal and social services.

Website: https://www.wave-network.org/

_____

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Holistic Trauma Healing Program

Bonus Material 1
NEWSLETTER
Can Two Narcissists Be Happy Together?

Can Two Narcissists Be Happy Together?

Can Two Narcissists Be Happy Together?

Author: Ami Elsius

Yes, I believe it’s possible, but only in rare circumstances.

Narcissists, who typically lack empathy and thrive on admiration and control, often struggle to maintain any genuine relationship or “partnership.” However, there’s a scenario where two narcissists could stay together if their needs align well enough and if both parties gain something highly valuable to them, such as fame, money, or status.

In such a relationship, the foundation isn’t love or empathy but rather a shared understanding of mutual benefits. Each person would need to feel they’re “winning,” with the other enhancing their status or image. They may avoid the usual power struggles by operating within a clear, unspoken agreement to serve each other’s self-interests. As long as neither threatens the other’s sense of superiority or control, they might avoid the overt conflicts typical of relationships involving narcissism—especially if they can shine in separate areas that don’t threaten but instead add value to each other.

Young Gabor Maté in black and white, looking thoughtfully into the distance

Example 1:

 Catherine may not be the most conventionally attractive woman, but she owns a renowned advertising agency, with one of her main clients being a five-star hotel brand. Her boyfriend is a young, attractive photographer who, before meeting Catherine, had no significant photo gigs. Thanks to her connections, he gains a huge career boost, travels the world, and mingles with VIPs. Catherine, in turn, feels beautiful, privileged, and special, basking in thousands of likes and comments on her social media from people envying her luxurious, globetrotting lifestyle with her good-looking boyfriend.

Example 2:

Roberto is a dealer of extremely high-end cars and limited-edition luxury watches. He’s “new money,” a bit rough around the edges, and has a criminal background. Antonietta, by contrast, is “old money” with a royal lineage. Due to her father’s gambling addiction, she lost her inheritance and finds herself “poor” compared to her former lifestyle. With Roberto, she maintains the illusion of wealth and status. Roberto, in turn, benefits from her social connections, gaining credibility, acceptance, and access to high-status circles that he could never reach alone.

This setup is reminiscent of Ghislaine Maxwell and Jeffrey Epstein, but rather than revolving around sex, it involves status, influence, and material gains. Another rare type of narcissistic partnership occurs when two people with dark personality traits join forces to exploit others. This is sometimes seen in cults, religious extremism, political movements, sex trafficking, or even in cases involving crimes like kidnapping or abuse.

“Narcissists are like a bucket with a hole in the bottom. No matter how much you give and give, it will never be enough.”

 

Some other toxic couples that can be interesting to look into:
  1. Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
  2. Rosemary and Fred West
  3. Ian Brady and Myra Hindley
  4. Jim Jones and Marceline Baldwin Jons
  5. Charles Manson and Several of His Followers
  6. Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka
  7. Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun
  8. Elizabeth Holmes and Ramesh “Sunny” Balwani

    The Biggest Victims of Narcissistic Couples

    The biggest issue arises when they have children or bring children into the relationship. Growing up in a household devoid of genuine warmth and empathy can be incredibly damaging. These children may experience intense emotional neglect or feel pressured to conform to their parents’ image, seeing love as conditional or transactional. This lack of emotional security and attachment can profoundly impact their future relationships and self-worth.

    While this kind of relationship setup can be “stable” in a purely functional sense, it’s tragic for anyone who genuinely needs care, connection, and support.

    Photo of Ami Elsius; for The Soulful Blog: Awakening, Healing, & Holistic Wellness
    Diverse and authentic tribe of community members in a collage for The Ami Effect, showcasing holistic healing and transformation.

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    Holistic Trauma Healing Program

    Bonus Material 1
    NEWSLETTER

    Drugging in Abusive Relationships

    Drugging in Abusive Relationships

    Drugging in Abusive Relationships

    Ami Elsius Holistic Trauma Healing Program

    Written by Ami Elsius

    Drugging in Abusive Relationships and Exploitative Dynamics

    The Hidden Nature of Drugging in Abusive Relationships

    Manipulation Behind Closed Doors

    Drugging in intimate relationships is a weapon of control, used to manipulate a partner’s state of mind and body. Unlike physical violence, which leaves visible marks, drugging is invisible—both literally and figuratively. Abusers often use this method to:

    • Exert Control: Keeping a partner docile and compliant.
    • Facilitate Sexual Abuse: Rendering the victim unable to resist or remember.
    • Create Psychological Dependence: Controlling access to medication or drugs.
    • Isolate and Discredit: Making the victim seem mentally unstable or intoxicated.

    A Closer Look at Drugging Tactics

    In these relationships, drugging can manifest in various forms:

    • Sedation and Submission: Abusers may introduce sedatives into meals or drinks, causing the victim to become unusually drowsy, compliant, or confused. This tactic ensures that the victim doesn’t question the abuser’s actions and remains passive.
    • Surreptitious Drugging: Abusers might disguise a drug as a vitamin, or convince the victim that a certain medication is necessary for health. Over time, this breeds dependency, making it easier for the abuser to exert control over medical care.
    • Psychological Gaslighting: The victim, repeatedly experiencing confusion or lapses in memory, begins to question their reality. This is often accompanied by gaslighting—abusers making the victim feel they are “crazy” or mentally unwell, making them more isolated and dependent.

    Psychological Impacts on Victims

     

    • Loss of Trust in Their Own Judgment: Constant drugging leads to severe confusion, fostering self-doubt.
    • Cognitive Impairment: Prolonged exposure to certain substances can affect memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation.
    • Emotional and Mental Isolation: Even if a victim has suspicions about their abuser, the fear of not being believed—or feeling unsure if the events even occurred—can be isolating.
    Drugging in Abusive Relationships and Exploitative Dynamics

    The Story of Giselle Pericot

    A Survivor’s Fight for Justice

    In 2020, Gisèle Pelicot discovered she had been the victim of a decade-long nightmare. Her husband of 50 years, Dominique Pelicot, had been secretly drugging her with sedatives and inviting strangers into their home to rape her while she lay unconscious in bed. The abuse came to light when Dominique was arrested for attempting to take illicit photos in a supermarket, leading police to uncover his extensive digital archive. What they found shocked everyone: thousands of images and videos documenting assaults on Gisèle, as well as explicit evidence of the meticulous planning behind these crimes.

    “It’s not for us to have shame—it’s for them” she told the courtroom making it clear that her decision to open the trial to the public was a conscious choice to shift the burden of shame from victims to perpetrators. “I want all women who have been raped to say: Madame Pelicot did it, I can too. I don’t want them to be ashamed any longer,” she emphasized, hoping her courage would empower other victims to come forward.

    Despite years of confusion over health problems, which she initially attributed to early Alzheimer’s or another illness, it was only in 2020 that Gisèle learned the real cause. Dominique had been secretly administering crushed sleeping pills in her food and drink, causing “total blackouts” that lasted through the night. In those moments, he would not only violate her but invite others to join him, orchestrating over 200 assaults with more than 90 different men, according to investigators.

    Gisèle’s willingness to share her story and expose the videos of the assaults during the trial has made her a symbol of resilience. For her, it’s about more than personal justice—it’s about societal change. “Bravery means jumping into the sea to rescue someone. I just have will and determination,” she said. Her testimony underscores the courage it takes to face trauma publicly, especially when that trauma involves a loved one’s betrayal.

    Post awakening, new compass, new challenges after a a spiritual awakening

    Drugging as a Tool for Sexual Exploitation

    Facilitating Sexual Violations

    Sexual abuse facilitated through drugging often leaves victims with fragmented memories or no recollection at all, which can be profoundly disorienting and traumatic. This form of abuse includes:

    • Non-Consensual Recording: Abusers may film or photograph drugged victims during sexual acts, exploiting them when they are most vulnerable.
    • Selling and Sharing Non-Consensual Content: Some abusers distribute images or videos to humiliate the victim, gain control, or even for monetary gain—turning a deeply personal violation into a public spectacle.
    • Profit and Fetishization: Disturbingly, there is a market that fetishizes unconsciousness or drugged partners. Some abusers post videos on adult sites, reinforcing a culture that normalizes exploitation and non-consent.

    The Rise of Revenge Porn and Blackmail

    Drugging often intersects with other abusive tactics, like revenge porn:

    • Blackmail: Threatening to share compromising material becomes a tool to keep victims trapped. The fear of exposure—especially in communities or workplaces where such revelations can cause immense harm—paralyzes many victims from seeking help.
    • Revenge Porn: Posting non-consensual sexual imagery online, sometimes years after the relationship has ended, is a way for abusers to regain control over former partners, using their darkest moments as leverage.

    The Role of the Internet in Facilitating Abuse

    The anonymity and accessibility of the internet allow abusers to distribute non-consensual material with little risk of consequence. Despite increasing awareness and legal measures in some countries, many platforms still fail to protect victims adequately. The process of getting non-consensual material removed can be long, arduous, and re-traumatizing for survivors.

    Research and Case Studies in Drug-Facilitated Abuse

    Famous Cases and Documented Scandals

    The cases of Bill Cosby, Jeffrey Epstein and Sean P. Diddy Combs brought national attention to the concept of drug-facilitated sexual abuse, albeit outside the realm of intimate relationships. These high-profile cases underline the extent to which drugs can be used to manipulate and control.

    • Bill Cosby: Convicted of drugging and sexually assaulting women over a period of years, Cosby’s case was one of the first to shine a spotlight on the long history of drug-facilitated abuse by powerful individuals.
    • Jeffrey Epstein: Allegations involved the use of drugs to incapacitate young women and girls for the purpose of exploitation, revealing a network of systemic abuse and manipulation within elite circles.
    • Sean P. Diddy Combs: With the case still open as I write this, allegedly he would put GHB, Rohynol (known as the date rape drug) in drinks and in baby oil and lotions to facilitate sexual assaults on his victims 

    Documented Cases of Intimate Partner Drugging

    Within intimate relationships, drugging remains vastly underreported, but research is beginning to document its prevalence:

    • The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV) reports that up to 20% of women in abusive relationships have experienced substance-related coercion.
    • A UK Study highlighted that coercive control often includes subtle forms of drugging, such as administering or withholding medication without consent.

    Survivor Stories: Shining a Light on Hidden Abuse

    In domestic violence shelters, survivor accounts often reveal that victims only discovered the drugging after leaving the relationship. Some victims described persistent health issues and cognitive fog that lifted once they were free from their abuser’s influence, highlighting the long-term health consequences of covert drugging.

     

    Lucia, sedated by her husband and in-laws. 

    I have personally met and talked to several women that report being drugged by their partners. One of those women, from Sicily, was drugged by her husband and in-laws to prevent her from pursuing a carer and driving her car, they kept telling her she was better off being a housewife and was to absentminded to be out and about driving. After a car accident when she fell asleep at the wheel (in the middle of the day) and hit a tree. She was thankfully not injured but the hospital took a standard drug test. They found strong sedatives in the samples. She said she he didn’t use any sedatives or sleeping aids. They asked her to come back in a few days and do the test again.  So she did and it still showed she had sedatives in her system. As she insisted she had not taken any, the nurse encouraged her to only consume food and drinks she had personally prepared for the following 10 days and then come back and do the test again. No sedatives in the sample. 

    If in doubt, this is what I suggest you do. Go test yourself at two different times, if you discover traces of drugs you have not taken, go one to two weeks only eating and drinking what you have personally prepared and then do the same test again. 

    Psychological Insights and Expert Opinions

    The Psychology Behind Drugging as a Form of Control

    Psychologists and relationship experts emphasize that drugging is not merely about sex or submission—it’s about power. Lundy Bancroft, a leading expert on abusive relationships, notes that drugging reflects a deep need for control, where the abuser decides not only what the victim does but what they feel and remember.

    Coercive Control: A Broader Understanding

    Drugging falls under the umbrella of coercive control—a pattern of behavior aimed at dominating a partner. This can include physical, emotional, psychological, and financial abuse. Sandra Horley, CEO of Refuge, stresses that drug-facilitated abuse is an “invisible tactic,” making it harder to detect and prosecute but no less damaging.

    IMG 8319 3

    Practical Advice for Victims and Allies

    Recognizing the Warning Signs

    It’s essential to educate both potential victims and their support networks on the warning signs of drugging:

    • Memory Lapses or Confusion: If you often feel disoriented after meals or drinks prepared by your partner, this might indicate tampering.
    • Physical Symptoms: Unusual fatigue, dizziness, or grogginess that occurs sporadically and without clear cause.
    • Behavioral Changes in the Abuser: If a partner insists on controlling food or medication, isolates you from doctors, or becomes defensive when questioned, take note.

    Building a Safety Plan

    Creating a safety plan is crucial if drugging is suspected:

    1. Document Suspicious Events: Keep a hidden journal of your symptoms, documenting dates, times, and what you ate or drank.
    2. Seek Medical Help Discreetly: If possible, see a trusted healthcare professional without your partner present, and request a comprehensive test for potential substances.
    3. Reach Out to Support Services: Contact local domestic violence hotlines or abuse shelters for guidance. They can help create a safe plan for leaving if necessary.

    NARCISSISTIC ABUSE RECOVERY 

    From Anxiety and Confusion to Calm and Clarity.

    You’ve Survived Narcissistic Abuse—Now It’s Time to Heal and Reclaim Your Power. Living through narcissistic abuse leaves invisible scars—on your mind, your body, and your spirit. The manipulation, gaslighting,  and constant emotional abuse can disrupt your entire system, leaving you feeling anxious, disconnected, and unable to trust yourself.

    But what if you could break free from the cycle of fear and overwhelm? What if you could reset your nervous system, reclaim your voice, and truly heal?

     

    I Help You Move From Surviving To Thriving

    Transform Pain Into Empowerment

    Hi, my name is Ami Elsius; I’m a Trauma-Informed Holistic Wellness Coach who helps victims of narcissistic abuse go from living in a state of anxiety, hypervigilance, and self-doubt to feeling peaceful, emotionally stable, and confident. The Narcissistic Abuse Recovery Program, with its holistic approach, community support, comprehensive toolbox, and flexible solutions, will give you measurable and lasting results.

    Having both personal and professional experience of narcissistic abuse and trauma healing, I understand the specific challenges you are facing and know the recipe for and roadmap to freedom, inner calm, and empowerment. I’d love to share it with you and give you all the tools and support you need to be happy, peaceful and free. 

    Research and Statistics—Understanding the Scope

    Existing Research and the Need for More Data

    Research on drug-facilitated abuse within intimate relationships remains limited, but emerging data highlights its prevalence:

    • Underreporting Due to Stigma and Confusion: Victims of drug-facilitated abuse often don’t realize what’s happening to them until long after the fact. The psychological manipulation associated with this form of abuse—often labeled as “gaslighting”—can leave victims confused, unsure if they are genuinely experiencing abuse or if it’s “all in their head.” This makes accurate statistics difficult to obtain.
    • Studies on Domestic Abuse Shelters: In one UK-based study, many women seeking refuge reported that their partners controlled their access to medication, either by withholding it or by administering it without their consent. These cases are often intertwined with gaslighting tactics, where abusers create health crises to ensure dependency and control.
    • Findings from the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV): A survey found that nearly 1 in 5 women in abusive relationships had encountered some form of substance-related manipulation, including drugging without their consent. This points to a broader, underrecognized problem.

    Gaps in the Legal and Clinical Framework

    Due to the covert nature of drugging, there are significant gaps in both the legal system and clinical practice when it comes to recognizing and responding to this abuse:

    • Inadequate Legal Protections: The legal system often requires concrete evidence for prosecution—something that is notoriously hard to gather in cases of drugging. Victims may not immediately recognize the abuse, leading to a delay in reporting. Additionally, law enforcement may not be trained to look for the subtle signs of drugging unless it’s explicitly mentioned by the victim, which is often not the case.
    • Limited Clinical Awareness: Medical professionals may not recognize the signs of drug-facilitated abuse if they are not asking the right questions. Routine screenings for substance abuse during medical check-ups may miss the mark if practitioners don’t suspect that the reported symptoms are related to drugging within an abusive relationship. Experts advocate for more trauma-informed care and specific training on identifying covert abuse tactics.
      Young woman standing in water, symbolizing depression and numbness. Then it's not easy to find your purpose and passion in life.

      Research Statistics from Related Fields

      Several studies from adjacent fields give a sense of the broader context:

      • Date Rape Drugs: Studies in social settings, like clubs or universities, have shown that drug-facilitated sexual assaults are more common than previously believed. In the UK, a study revealed that 1 in 13 young women reported experiencing drug-facilitated sexual violence in social contexts.
      • Alcohol as a Coercive Tool: Alcohol remains the most frequently used substance in coercive sexual situations, where partners pressure victims to consume excessive amounts, leading to compliance or vulnerability. According to RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network), over 50% of sexual assaults involve alcohol, showing how substances can play a pivotal role in abusive dynamics.

      Legal and Clinical Perspectives—Challenges in Recognizing and Prosecuting Drug-Facilitated Abuse

      The Legal Landscape: Barriers to Justice

      The legal system faces significant hurdles when it comes to prosecuting cases of drug-facilitated abuse:

      • Lack of Evidence: Evidence of drugging is inherently difficult to obtain, especially if the victim delays seeking medical help. Most substances leave the system quickly, and without a timely blood or urine test, proving drugging becomes almost impossible.
      • Invisibility of the Crime: Unlike physical abuse, drugging doesn’t leave visible marks. This “invisible” nature makes it harder for law enforcement to take allegations seriously without corroborating evidence.
      • Coercive Control Not Fully Recognized: Some regions are beginning to legally recognize coercive control as a form of domestic abuse, but this is far from universal. Where it is recognized, drug-facilitated abuse can fall under this category, but it still faces the challenge of proof.

      Forensic and Clinical Challenges

      Medical professionals, forensic nurses, and psychologists are on the frontline of identifying and documenting abuse, yet they face their own set of challenges:

      • Testing Limitations: Many hospitals have limited drug panels, focusing on common substances like alcohol or narcotics. Designer drugs or prescription medications might go undetected unless specifically tested for.
      • Forensic Expertise: Forensic nurses play a critical role in abuse cases, but many regions lack trained personnel. Even in areas with forensic expertise, the burden of documentation falls on the victim, who may be hesitant or confused.
      • Legal and Clinical Coordination: Improving communication between medical professionals and law enforcement is crucial for gathering and preserving evidence, yet systemic barriers remain. Some advocates call for specialized training for healthcare providers on identifying drug-facilitated abuse within intimate relationships.
      magazine 18

      Never forget that walking away from something unhealthy is brave, even if you stumble a little on your way out the door.

      The Psychological Toll—Impact on Victims

      Emotional and Cognitive Consequences of Drugging

      Drug-facilitated abuse goes beyond the immediate act; it has long-term psychological and emotional effects:

      • Erosion of Self-Trust: Victims often doubt their own judgment, questioning if they’re exaggerating or imagining symptoms. This erosion of self-trust is a core aspect of psychological manipulation and gaslighting.
      • Memory and Cognitive Issues: Drugs can affect memory formation, leading to gaps in recollection. Victims may find themselves confused or disoriented, struggling to remember events or understand what happened. This creates a vulnerability that abusers exploit, casting doubt on any accusations.
      • Anxiety and PTSD: Repeated incidents of drugging can lead to symptoms akin to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), including flashbacks, hypervigilance, and panic attacks. Victims might develop severe anxiety, especially around food, drink, or medical settings, fearing that they might be drugged again.

      The Social and Relational Impact

      The consequences of drugging extend into the social and relational realms:

      • Isolation from Support Networks: Victims often withdraw from friends and family, feeling embarrassed or confused about their symptoms. This isolation is frequently encouraged by the abuser, who may manipulate the victim into believing that nobody else would understand or believe them.
      • Shame and Guilt: Feelings of shame are common, particularly if the abuse was sexual. Victims may blame themselves for not realizing they were being drugged or feel guilty for staying in the relationship.
      • Mistrust of Medical and Legal Systems: Due to the challenges in proving drug-facilitated abuse, many victims feel abandoned by institutions. A lack of understanding and support from medical and legal professionals can exacerbate this mistrust, making it harder for victims to seek help.

       

      Practical Advice for Professionals and Support Networks

      Best Practices for Healthcare Professionals

      Medical professionals, including doctors, nurses, and therapists, can play a pivotal role in recognizing and responding to drug-facilitated abuse:

      • Ask Specific Questions: In cases where domestic abuse is suspected, it’s vital to ask about symptoms of drugging. Questions such as, “Have you ever felt unusually disoriented or fatigued after eating or drinking?” can open up the conversation.
      • Utilize Trauma-Informed Care: Adopt a trauma-informed approach that emphasizes empathy, validation, and support. Creating a safe space where victims feel believed is crucial.
      • Improve Training and Awareness: Advocate for more comprehensive training in recognizing the subtle signs of coercive drug use within abusive dynamics. Hospitals and clinics should consider incorporating training modules on identifying domestic abuse that involves drugging.

      Guidelines for Legal Professionals

      Legal professionals, including law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and defense attorneys, can make a difference in how drug-facilitated abuse cases are handled:

      • Gather Comprehensive Evidence: Encourage law enforcement to treat allegations seriously and to collect all potential evidence, including any suspicious items found in the home, digital communication, or witness statements.
      • Educate on Coercive Control: Recognize drugging as part of a broader pattern of coercive control. Understanding this context can improve how cases are presented in court and may increase the likelihood of a successful prosecution.
      • Coordinate with Medical Experts: Build partnerships with forensic nurses and clinical psychologists who specialize in abuse cases. Their expertise can be instrumental in court proceedings, especially when physical evidence is lacking.

      Advice for Support Networks—Friends, Family, and Advocates

      Supporting a loved one or client who might be experiencing drug-facilitated abuse requires sensitivity and caution:

      • Be Observant and Non-Judgmental: If someone you know is showing signs of confusion, lethargy, or unexplained illness, gently express concern without making them feel judged. Validate their experiences and refrain from making definitive conclusions.
      • Encourage Medical Independence: Suggest that they see a healthcare professional without their partner’s presence. Offer to accompany them to provide emotional support and ensure they can speak openly.
      • Respect Their Autonomy: Don’t push them to leave the relationship before they are ready. Focus on building trust and offering information about resources, such as hotlines, shelters, or legal advice.

       

      Transformering puppa till fjaril
      magazine 18

      Just when the caterpillar thought the world was over, it became a butterfly.

      Prevention and Awareness—What We Can Do as a Society

      Educating the Public

      Raising awareness is one of the most effective ways to prevent drug-facilitated abuse:

      • Media Campaigns: Use media—social media, articles, podcasts, and video content—to highlight the issue of drugging within relationships. Stories from survivors can humanize the data and make the issue more relatable.
      • Educational Workshops: Schools, universities, and community centers can host workshops on recognizing and preventing drug-facilitated abuse. These workshops should emphasize the role of coercive control and non-consensual imagery as abuse.

      Improving Legislation and Advocacy

      Legal reforms can significantly impact how these cases are handled:

      • Advocate for Stronger Laws: Support legislation that criminalizes coercive control and enhances penalties for drug-facilitated sexual abuse. Push for clearer guidelines on evidence collection and increased funding for forensic resources.
      • Support for Survivors: Encourage the creation of survivor-focused resources that provide legal advice, healthcare, and psychological support. The burden of proof in such cases should be balanced with a compassionate understanding of the challenges victims face.

      Supporting Grassroots Movements

      Empower local communities to get involved:

      • Form Survivor Networks: Create confidential support networks where survivors can share their experiences and provide peer guidance.
      • Involve Local Organizations: Partner with domestic violence shelters, mental health charities, and legal advocacy groups to ensure a comprehensive approach to supporting victims.

       

      A Call to Action

      Addressing drug-facilitated abuse within relationships is a complex challenge that requires a collective effort from individuals, communities, and systems. By shedding light on this hidden abuse, we create a path toward healing and justice, ensuring that survivors feel seen, heard, and supported. This is not merely about exposing a dark reality but about changing a culture that often fails to recognize the most invisible forms of violence.

      magazine 18

      Strenght is removing your kids from a toxic environment, NOT learning to live with it “for the sake of the kids”.

       

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      How to safely leave an abusive relationship

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      Ami Elsius Holistic Trauma Healing Program

      Written by

      Leaving an abusive relationship can be quite difficult. Victims of abuse often do not realize that they are being abused or they are led to believe that they are the cause of their own abuse. Once you realize that you are being abused and you are ready to leave, you should do so quickly and carefully to avoid potential escalation and violence that could endanger your life. Don’t be afraid to ask for help, use any and all resources available to you, and get out safely. 

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      How to Safely Leave an Abusive Relationship

      Screen Shot 2018 10 01 at 17.10.52
      magazine 18

      Never forget that walking away from something unhealthy is brave, even if you stumble a little on your way out the door.

      Staying safe before and after leaving abuse

      Safety planning is a crucial step for someone involved in an abusive relationship. These practical plans can help you stay safe while you are still with your abuser, as you prepare to leave, and after the relationship has ended. While still in an abusive relationship, your safety is of primary importance. Safety planning involves how to cope with emotions, tell friends and family about the abuse, take legal action and more.
      A good safety plan will have all of the vital information you need and be tailored to your unique situation, and will help walk you through different scenarios.
      Although some of the things that you outline in your safety plan may seem obvious, it’s important to remember that in moments of crisis your brain doesn’t function the same way as when you are calm. When adrenaline is pumping through your veins it can be hard to think clearly or make logical decisions about your safety. Having a safety plan laid out in advance can help you to protect yourself in those stressful moments.

      Safety while you are still with your abuser 
      when there’s physical violence

      • Identify your partner’s use and level of force so that you can assess the risk of physical danger to you and your children before it occurs.
      • Identify safe areas of the house where there are no weapons and there are ways to escape. If arguments occur, try to move to those areas.
      • Don’t run to where the children are, as your partner may hurt them as well.
      • If violence is unavoidable, make yourself a small target. Dive into a corner and curl up into a ball with your face protected and arms around each side of your head, fingers entwined.
      • If possible, have a phone accessible at all times and know what numbers to call for help. Know where the nearest public phone is located. Know the phone number to your local shelter. If your life is in danger, call the police.
      • Let trusted friends and neighbours know of your situation and develop a plan and visual signal for when you need help.
      • Teach your children how to get help. Instruct them not to get involved in the violence between you and your partner. Plan a code word to signal to them that they should get help or leave the house.
      • Tell your children that violence is never right, even when someone they love is being violent. Tell them that neither you, nor they, are at fault or are the cause of the violence, and that when anyone is being violent, it is important to stay safe.
      • Practice how to get out safely. Practice with your children.
      • Plan for what you will do if your children tells your partner of your plan or if your partner otherwise finds out about your plan.
      • Keep weapons like guns and knives locked away and as inaccessible as possible.
      • Make a habit of backing the car into the driveway and keeping it fueled. Keep the driver’s door unlocked and others locked — for a quick escape.
      • Try not to wear scarves or long jewelry that could be used to strangle you.
      • Create several plausible reasons for leaving the house at different times of the day or night.
      • Call a domestic violence hotline periodically to assess your options and get a supportive understanding ear.

      .

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      HA220
      Narcissistic Abuse Recovery Program From Anxiety and Confusion to Calm and Clarity

      NARCISSISTIC ABUSE RECOVERY 

      From Anxiety and Confusion to Calm and Clarity.

      You’ve Survived Narcissistic Abuse—Now It’s Time to Heal and Reclaim Your Power. Living through narcissistic abuse leaves invisible scars—on your mind, your body, and your spirit. The manipulation, gaslighting,  and constant emotional abuse can disrupt your entire system, leaving you feeling anxious, disconnected, and unable to trust yourself.

      But what if you could break free from the cycle of fear and overwhelm? What if you could reset your nervous system, reclaim your voice, and truly heal?

       

      Testimonial - 5 Star Review - Narcissistic Abuse Recovery Program

      Before starting the Narcissistic Abuse Recovery Program, I struggled with severe anxiety and found it hard to process my past. I was skeptical about whether this program would help since I had tried many others and often quit due to dissatisfaction. However, I was pleasantly surprised—this program was comprehensive and well-planned, and I stuck with it until the end.

      The changes were significant; my anxiety became more manageable, and I felt much better overall. The guided meditations and exercises were incredibly helpful. If you’re hesitant, give it a try—it truly helped me, and I wouldn’t change a thing.

      Nella

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      When I began the program, I was recovering from an abusive relationship and still struggling with anxiety and sleep issues. I was also nervous about whether I could focus during meditations and if I’d feel comfortable sharing in the group. But, I found everyone to be very supportive, and the exercises, especially the guided meditations, were beneficial.

      The Narcissistic Abuse Recovery course has been transformative for me, helping me release stored tension and reconnect with my emotions. The balance of practical tools, personal reflection, and the supportive community made a huge difference. I highly recommend it to anyone on a healing journey.

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      Before starting the Intensive Holistic Trauma Healing program, my anxiety and fear were overwhelming. As I applied the techniques throughout the course, I began to experience moments of peace I hadn’t felt in years. By cultivating inner serenity, I learned to show myself love and acceptance, even in difficult situations.

      I had low expectations and worried about judgment, but I quickly found that everyone shared similar experiences. The community was supportive and empathetic. My healing continues, and I’ve regained clarity on relationships and verbal expression. This program has been worth every moment, and I’m grateful for the clarity and tools it provided.

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      Before joining the narcissistic abuse healing program, I had spent years trying to understand my husband’s troubling behavior. It wasn’t until I came across a video by Ami Elsius that I realized I was dealing with narcissism and ongoing psychological abuse. My health had deteriorated to the point where I could barely work, and I had been living with anxiety, exhaustion, and chronic pain without realizing it was all connected to trauma.

      The program helped me understand my symptoms and stress, making me feel calmer and stronger. It’s given me the knowledge to address my inner turmoil and start healing. I’ve even started seeking professional help, which feels like a big step forward. The community support and hearing others’ stories were incredibly comforting, reminding me that I’m not alone in this.

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      Having both personal and professional experience of narcissistic abuse and trauma healing, I understand the specific challenges you are facing and know the recipe for and roadmap to freedom, inner calm, and empowerment.

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      Prepairing to leave your abuser

      Find a secure means of seeking help. Phone records and call logs can be checked. Computers’ browser histories can be traced. You can try erasing your call log or internet cookies and history. Some browsers also allow you to set them to “private” mode. But if you are worried that your abuser is monitoring your communication with others, you might want to find another computer or phone to use.
      Most public libraries offer computers with internet access to community members. This could be a good place to start.
      You may want to get a prepaid cellular phone. This could come in handy while looking for help and later, when you actually leave.
      You could also use a friend or neighbor’s computer or phone. If necessary, make an excuse such as your own computer or phone being broken.

      Screen Shot 2018 10 01 at 17.20.29

      Contact an organization that can help

      Most areas have local resources to help victims of abuse. If you are not sure where to start or if you want to talk to someone about planning to leave an abusive relationship, begin with the following resources.

      Discuss with a help organisation if you should move to shelter. Know where to go as you leave and have a backup plan if your partner finds our or the plan gets interrupted.
      If you haven’t done so before, start talking to your friends and relatives about your situation. Reach out to someone you trust, or someone you sued to trust before the abuse and ask for help. Try to be specific with what you would like for them to do for you (such as let you stay with them, keep your “escape bag,” call the police for you if you give them a “code word,” etc.)
      Most abusers isolate their victims, make them feel helpless and insecure and “train” them to not trust anyone. A big part in healing is to start talking about your situation and the support from friends and family can prove to be crucial when leaving.

      Make an escape plan

      Establish emergency funds or credit. If your abuser keeps money tightly controlled, withholds money from you, or does not allow you to earn your own money, it can be difficult to establish an emergency fund. Keep any change you can keep, return items to a store for cash back, hide any money given to you as a gift, or find other ways to build some emergency cash. If you can’t get emergency cash, try applying for a credit card in your name, but be sure that you have statements sent to a PO Box, a work address, or even to a friend’s house so that your abuser does not find out. Do not access your credit card account from your home computer.

       

      • Pack and hide a “getaway bag” You should have an emergency bag with necessities in it. Be sure that you hide the bag very well (you may even want to leave it at someone else’s house.) You pack light, but include the following in your bag:
      • Changes of clothing for you and any children
      • Copies of important documents (birth certificates, passports, driver’s license, bank or credit card account information, pay stubs, social security card(s),

      If time is available, also take:

      • Citizenship documents (such as your passport, green card, etc.)
      • Titles, deeds and other property information
      • Medical records
      • Children’s school and immunization records
      • Insurance information
      • Addressbook
      • Copy of marriage license, birth certificates, will and other legal documents
      • Verification of social security numbers
      • Medications for you or your children
      • Special personal items like photographs, personal possessions or jewellery
      • A prepaid cellphone (don’t take your usual cellphone with you as it can be tracked and delete your call and search history before you go)
      • Jewellery or other small items you could sell in need of money
      • Non-perishable snacks
      magazine 18

      The red allert mode is supposed to be used in rare life threatening situations, not as your default setting. -Ami Elsius

      HA158

      Gather evidence of abuse

      You should certainly not provoke instances of abuse solely to gather evidence, but it may help you take legal action in the future if you do collect evidence of abuse. Take pictures of injuries, destroyed objects, or a room that was trashed during a violent episode, keep bloodied clothing or towels, and collect any documentation about hospital visits due to abuse.
      Also advisable to keep detailed a diary of the abuse.
      Whenever you are injured in an episode of violence, you should seek medical treatment in the emergency room and keep the records. This could be key to being awarded an order of protection, custody or your children, or a contested divorce.

      • Keep a journal of all violent incidences, noting dates, events and threats made, if possible. Keep them in a hidden safe place.
      • Plan for what you will do if your children tell your partner of your plan or if your partner otherwise finds out about your plan.
      • Plan with your children and identify a safe place for them, like a room with a lock or a friend’s house where they can go for help. Reassure them that their job is to stay safe, not to protect you.
      • Contact a local help organisation to find out about laws and other resources available to you before you have to use them during a crisis.
      • Acquire job skills or take courses at a community college as you can.
      • Try to set money aside or ask friends or family members to hold money for you.
      • Hide an extra car key and make sure it’s still there before you attempt to leave.
      • Park the car for quick access, keep the drivers door unlocked (just before you plan to escape) and the other doors locked (unless you have children that you bring with you)
      • Try to avoid using the homes of next-door neighbours, close family members and mutual friends.
      AdobeStock 291088292

      Decide whether you should take your children with you

      You should talk to an attorney before you leave about taking your children with you. While you should absolutely keep them away from harm, you do not want to harm your potential to keep them safe in the future by harming your chances of getting or maintaining custody of your children.

      Make plans for your pets

      Make a plan for pets Too many people (particularly women) stay in an abusive relationship because they fear for what will happen to their pets if they leave. Some shelters may allow you to take a pet with you. If you cannot, you may be able to leave the pet with a neighbor or friend or even take it to a no-kill shelter for safekeeping. In the end, you need to realize that your own life is more important than that of a pet, however difficult that can be to swallow.

      Leave during a safe window of time

      You should most likely leave while your abuser is away from home (unless a violent episode necessitates an immediate escape). Plan and prepare to leave at a time when your abuser will be out of the house, ideally for a few hours. Give yourself plenty of time to gather your emergency bag and get to a safe place before your abuser even realizes that you are gone.
      You do not have to leave a note or an explanation for why you are leaving. It is okay to just leave.
      If you do not have access to your own transportation, make arrangements to have someone pick you up. If you fear that you are in imminent danger, you can have the police pick you up and remove you from your home.

      Don’t take your cell phone with you

      Copy down important numbers in another place (or memorize them.) Your cell phone could be set for tracking without your knowledge, so leaving it behind can help you leave behind your abuser.
      Consider getting a prepaid cell phone and having it packed in your emergency bag. This could allow you to make important calls related to your escape and safety without potentially leading your abuser to you.

      Get away quickly without being followed

      While you should likely go straight to your safe place (a shelter or to stay with a friend or family member), you may want to take an indirect route and be observant to be sure that you are not being followed. Try to merge into traffic, take side roads, turn around and retrace part of your route, and notice any cars that seem to be going the same way you are going.

      Create a false trail after you leave

      If you think that your abuser will try to follow you, think about creating a false trail after you have left. Use your own cell phone to place calls to a hotel at least 6 hours away from your true destination. Use a shared credit card or bank account to prepay for the hotel room, and have an email confirmation sent to a shared or monitored email account. You can also book a rental car in the same place or leave a message for a real estate agent and ask her to call you back at your home phone number.
      Do not take these steps before you leave, as they could tip your abuser off as to the fact that you are going to leave, which could incite a violent reaction.
      If you use your own cell phone to create a false trail, be sure to discard it or abandon it before you get to where you are really going.

      Go directly to a safe place

      Wherever your safe place is, go there. The benefit of going to a shelter or an abuse victim support organization is that they have employees or volunteers who are trained to help you with the “what now?” that you will likely feel after you leave.
      If you do go to stay with a friend or family, you should still consider reaching out to a victim support organization, which can direct you towards legal help, counseling, support groups, employment training, and financial support.

      Screen Shot 2018 10 01 at 17.20.47

      Leave during a safe window of time

      You should most likely leave while your abuser is away from home (unless a violent episode necessitates an immediate escape). Plan and prepare to leave at a time when your abuser will be out of the house, ideally for a few hours. Give yourself plenty of time to gather your emergency bag and get to a safe place before your abuser even realizes that you are gone.
      You do not have to leave a note or an explanation for why you are leaving. It is okay to just leave.
      If you do not have access to your own transportation, make arrangements to have someone pick you up. If you fear that you are in imminent danger, you can have the police pick you up and remove you from your home.

       

       

      Have a plan to ensure your immediate safety

      No matter how careful you are, there may be a chance that your abuser could follow you or track you down. Have a plan for dealing with that contingency. Your plan should probably involve calling the police immediately.
      If your abuser shows up and begs you to come back home, do not go. At this point, the abuser will likely say anything to lure you back home, but you will not be safe if you go back.

      Request extra layers of protection

      Some companies require only your Social Security Number and your mother’s maiden name to access secure information. If you were married to your abuser, he or she likely has this information. Ask if the company offers any additional account protection, or provide an answer to security questions that is inaccurate (but that you still remember). For example, you could provide your paternal grandmother’s maiden name instead of your mother’s.

      .

      free court image howtostartablogonline.net

      Change your work habits

      If you have a job, talk to your employer about making changes to ensure your safety. Some states have laws that require employers to make reasonable accommodations for survivors of abuse.[20] Find out if you can change locations, work different hours, or have extra personal security when traveling from your workplace to your vehicle.

      Have an unlisted number and confidential address. When you have moved to a new home, get an unlisted home phone number. For mail, get a P.O. Box or ask the post office about your state’s confidential address program. These steps will make it more difficult to track down your specific location.
      If you have children, be sure to talk to them about keeping their home address confidential and not sharing it with your abuser or with strangers.

      Change all of your passwords

      Any account you have online could be a window into personal information. To be safe, change all of your passwords for any account; financial accounts, social media accounts, email accounts, etc. In fact, you may want to disable social media accounts temporarily (or permanently) and change your email address.

      Contact an attorney

      You will likely need an attorney to support you through the legal battle(s) that you may have to face. If you were married to your abuser, if you had children together, or if you are an immigrant, you will need to make legal changes that an attorney can help with.
      If you do not have money, you may still be able to get an attorney. Some attorneys will include a suit for fees from your abuser in the event of a court case in your favor. Some may also take your case “pro bono,” or as an act of charity.

      magazine 18

      If you are brave enough to say goodby, life will reward you with a hello. – Paulo Coehlo

      Ask a shelter for guidance or resources

      Most shelters will provide guidance towards legal help. Some even offer free legal services for survivors of domestic violence. Even if you are not staying at a shelter, you should contact the organization (most have a help line) to inquire about free or low-cost legal services.
      Some organizations help with immigration services for immigrant victims of domestic violence; don’t stay in an abusive situation because you fear deportation. You have the right to be free of violence even if you are an immigrant.

      File for a personal protection order (PPO)

      A PPO is a court-backed document that allows you legal protection from a past abuser. To file for a PPO, take any and all evidence of abuse you have as well as a letter describing the abusive situation and the relationship between you and your abuser to your local courthouse. They should provide you with further instructions about how to fill out the appropriate paperwork to get a legal PPO.
      After you file for your PPO, if it is approved, it will need to be legally served to your abuser, and you will need to file a proof of service with the court. Talk to the clerk at the courthouse about how to do this.
      Once you have a PPO, keep it with you at all times. If your abuser violates the terms of the PPO, you may need to show the PPO to the police.
      Be aware that a PPO does not guarantee your protection. It makes it easier to have your abuser arrested in the event of further incidents, but a PPO is often not enough to keep a violent abuser away from you completely.

       

      Take the appropriate steps for divorce or child custody

      Once you have left your abuser, you will need to cut legal ties. If you were unmarried and did not have children, this may be as easy as canceling joint accounts. If you were married and had children, you may face complicated legal battles that will require seeing your abuser (in the courtroom if nowhere else). Be prepared for this by leaning on the support systems you now have in place—the shelter, your legal counsel, your friends and family, and a therapist.

      File assault charges

      If you have been recently assaulted, or if you have records of abuse (police and/or medical records), file assault charges against your abuser. You might be able to file for assault without physical evidence (particularly if you can provide witnesses to your abuse), but it will be much easier if you collected physical evidence of assault before you left.
      You will likely have a case against your abuser that has multiple levels (for example, you might file for divorce, sue for child custody, file for assault, and request a PPO). The complicated nature of these charges necessitates a lawyer.

      Transformering puppa till fjaril
      magazine 18

      Just when the caterpillar thought the world was over, it became a butterfly.

      After you leave your abuser
      If the offender is leaving your home:

      • Change your locks and phone number.
      • Change your work hours and usual route to and from work.
      • Change the route taken to transport children to and from school.
      • If you are leaving or moving to a new residence:
 Consider renting a post office box or using the address of a friend for your mail.
 Be aware that addresses are on restraining orders and police reports.
 Be careful to whom you give your new address and phone number.
      • Change your work hours, if possible.
      • Alert school authorities of the situation.
 Consider changing your children’s schools.
      • If you need to get a restraining order, RDAP can help. After you have the order in place:
      • Keep a certified copy of your restraining order with you at all times.
 Inform friends, neighbors and employers that you have a restraining order in effect.
 Give copies of the restraining order to employers, neighbors and schools along with a picture of the offender.
 Call law enforcement to enforce the order if necessary.
        In general, the following measures can help you stay safe after leaving an abuser.

      • Reschedule appointments that the offender is aware of.
      • Use different stores and frequent different social spots.
      • Alert neighbours and request that they call the police if they feel you may be in danger.
      • Talk to trusted people about the violence.
      • Replace wooden doors with steel or metal doors. Install security systems if possible.
      • Install a motion sensitive lighting system.
      • Tell people you work with about the situation and have your calls screened by one receptionist if possible.
      • Tell people who take care of your children who can pick up your children. Explain your situation to them and provide them with a copy of the restraining order, if you have one.
      • Call the telephone company to request caller ID for any landlines. Ask that your phone number be blocked so that if you call anyone, neither your former partner nor anyone else will be able to get your new, unlisted phone number.
      AdobeStock 176257070 Preview

      Safety-plan with your children

      If you are in an abusive relationship, a safety plan should include ways that your children can stay safe when violence is happening in your home. It’s key to remember that if the violence is escalating, you should avoid running to the children because your partner may hurt them as well.

      • Planning for Violence in the Home
      • Teach your children when and how to call 911.
      • Instruct them to leave the home if possible when things begin to escalate, and where they can go.
      • Come up with a code word that you can say when they need to leave the home in case of an emergency  — make sure that they know not to tell others what the secret word means.
      • In the house: identify a room they can go to when they’re afraid and something they can think about when they’re scared.
      • Instruct them to stay out of the kitchen, bathroom and other areas where there are items that could be used as weapons.
      • Teach them that although they want to protect their parent, they should never intervene.
        Help them make a list of people that they are comfortable talking with and expressing themselves to.
        Enroll them in a counseling program. Local service providers often have children’s programs.
      Screen Shot 2018 10 01 at 17.20.29

      Safety-planning when pregnant

      Pregnancy is a time of change. Pregnancy can be full of excitement but also comes with an added need for support. It’s natural to need emotional support from a partner, as well as perhaps financial assistance, help to prepare for the baby and more.
      If your partner is emotionally or physically abusive toward you, it can make these months of transition especially difficult. Thankfully, there are resources available to help expecting women get the support needed for a safe, healthy pregnancy.
      According to the CDC, intimate partner violence affects approximately 1.5 million women each year and affects as many as 324,000 pregnant women each year. Pregnancy can be an especially dangerous time for women in abusive relationships, and abuse can often begin or escalate during the pregnancy.

      Planning for Unsupervised Visits


      If you have separated from an abusive partner and are concerned for your childrens’ safety when they visit your ex, developing a safety plan for while they are visiting can be beneficial.
      Brainstorm with your children (if they are old enough) to come up with ways that they can stay safe using the same model as you would for your own home. Have them identify where they can get to a phone, how they can leave the house, and who they can go to.
      If it’s safe to do, send a cell phone with the children to be used in emergency situations — this can be used to call 911, a neighbor or you if they need aid.

      Planning for Safe Custody Exchanges

      Avoid exchanging custody at your home or your partner’s home.
      Meet in a safe, public place such as a restaurant, a bank/other area with lots of cameras, or even near a police station.
      Bring a friend or relative with you to the exchanges, or have them make the exchange.
      Perhaps plan to have your partner pick the children up from school at the end of the day after you drop them off in the morning – this eliminates the chances of seeing each other.
      Emotional safety plan as well – figure out something to do before the exchange to calm any nerves you’re feeling, and something after to focus on yourself or the kids, such as going to a park or doing a fun activity.

      How to Have These Conversations

      Let your child know that what’s happening is not their fault and that they didn’t cause it. Let them know how much you love them and that you support them no matter what. Tell them that you want to protect them and that you want everyone to be safe, so you have to come up with a plan to use in case of emergencies. It’s important to remember that when you’re safety planning with a child, they might tell this information to the abusive partner, which could make the situation more dangerous (ex. “Mom said to do this if you get angry.”) When talking about these plans with your child, use phrases such as “We’re practicing what to do in an emergency,” instead of “We’re planning what you can do when dad/mom becomes violent.”

       

      How can you get help?

      • If you’re pregnant, there is always a heightened risk during violent situations.
      • If you’re in a home with stairs, try to stay on the first floor.
      • Getting into the fetal position around your stomach if you’re being attacked is another tactic that can be instrumental in staying safe.
      • Doctor’s visits can be an opportunity to discuss what is going on in your relationship.
      • If your partner goes to these appointments with you, try to find a moment when they’re out of the room to ask your care provider (or even the front desk receptionist) about coming up with an excuse to talk to them one-on-one.
      • If you’ve decided to leave your relationship, a health care provider can become an active participant in your plan to leave.
      • If possible, see if you can take a women-only prenatal class. This could be a comfortable atmosphere for discussing pregnancy concerns or could allow you to speak to the class instructor one-on-one.

       

      magazine 18

      Strenght is removing your kids from a toxic environment, NOT learning to live with it “for the sake of the kids”.

       

      Emotional safety plan

      Often, emphasis is placed on planning around physical safety, but it’s important to consider your emotional safety as well. Emotional safety can look different for different people, but ultimately it’s about developing a personalized plan that helps you feel accepting of your emotions and decisions when dealing with abuse. Below are some ideas for how to create and maintain an emotional safety plan that works for you.

      Seek out supportive people

      A caring presence such as a trusted friend or family member can help create a calm atmosphere to think through difficult situations and allow for you to discuss potential options.

      Identify and work towards achievable goals

      An achievable goal might be calling a local resource and seeing what services are available in your area, or talking to one of our advocates at The Hotline. Remember that you don’t have to do anything you aren’t comfortable with right now, but taking small steps can help options feel more possible when you are ready.

      Create a peaceful space for yourself

      Designating a physical place where your mind can relax and feel safe can be good option when working through difficult emotions that can arise when dealing with abuse. This can be a room in your house, a spot under your favorite tree, a comfy chair by a window or in a room with low lights.

      Remind yourself of your great value

      You are important and special, and recognizing and reminding yourself of this reality is so beneficial for your emotional health. It is never your fault when someone chooses to be abusive to you, and it has no reflection on the great value you have as person.

      Remember that you deserve to be kind to yourself

      Taking time to practice self-care every day, even if it is only for a few minutes, really creates space for peace and emotional safety. It’s healthy to give yourself emotional breaks and step back from your situation sometimes. In the end, this can help you make the decisions that are best for you.

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      Global Directory of Abuse Helplines

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      The Dangers of Victim Blaming: Are You Contributing?

      The Dangers of Victim Blaming: Are You Contributing?

      The Dangers of Victim Blaming: Are You Contributing?

      IMG 1118

      Written by

      87

      Abuse, rape and sexual harassment is not the victims/survivors fault.

      While it’s good to take responsibility for ones life situation, choices and actions, it should not be put on the victim to be responsible for the abusers actions. The fact that you have been or are being abused is not your fault! The fact that someone you know has been or is being abused is not his or her fault. Victim-blaming attitudes marginalize the victim/survivor and makes it harder to come forward and report the abuse. If the survivor knows that you or society blames the victim/survivor for the abuse, she/he will not feel safe or comfortable coming forward and talking to you and asking for help. Victim-blaming attitudes also reinforce what the abuser has been saying all along; that it is the victim’s fault this is happening. Victims of abuse tends to blame themselves…I am still struggling with that… even without the ”help” of society, ”well-meaning people” police, medical personal, lawyers and judges, relatives and friends that insinuate that you somehow are to blame and is to be held responsible. It is NOT the victim’s fault or responsibility to fix the situation; it is the abuser’s choice. By engaging in victim-blaming attitudes, society allows the abuser to perpetrate relationship abuse or sexual assault while avoiding accountability for those actions. In order to stop victim blaming, it is helpful to understand why people do it in the first place.

      One reason people blame a victim/survivor is to distance themselves from an unpleasant occurrence and this gives a false sense that this could not happen to them. By labeling or accusing the victim/survivor, they can the see the victim/survivor as different from themselves. People reassure themselves by thinking, “Because I am not like the victim/survivor, because I do not do that, this would never happen to me.” ”If I would have been in his/her situation, I would have acted differently” We need to help people understand that this is not a helpful reaction. Words, questions and comments that directly or indirectly puts the blame on the victim/survivor:  

      • Did you make him/her jealous?
      • That doesn’t sound like him/her, what did you do to to pull that side out of him/her?
      • Why didn’t you fight back/fight back harder?
      • Why didn’t you yell?
      • Why didn’t you tell anyone about it?
      • You should have told me.
      • Did you hurt his/her feelings?
      • Why didn’t you ask for help?
      • Why did you let him/her hurt you?
      • You should have gone to couples therapy.
      • Why did you stay?
      • Why did you leave without trying harder?
      • Maybe he/she was really stressed, had a lot of responsibilities?
      • Can’t you just forgive him/her?
      • Can’t you just work through your indifferences?
      • Have you thought about that you maybe made him/her do it?
      • Why did you date someone like that?
      • Didn’t you see it coming?
      • You should have seen it coming.
      • Why did you get yourself into that situation in the first place?
      • It was wrong marrying him/her, having children with him/her, you should have known before?
      • But you said you were happy, you looked happy, how can that be if what you are saying is true?
      • Looks like you are a bad judge of character.
      • Maybe you deserved what happened to you?
      • Well if it happened, you should have some proof.
      • Why didn’t you go to the hospital?
      • Why didn’t you go to the police?
      • You shouldn’t have reported him/her to the police, he/she doesn’t deserve that. Do you really want to ruin his/her life, destroy his/her career, embarrass his/her family, hang out your children’s father/mother?
      • Maybe he/she wouldn’t have acted like that if you would have said or done that?
      • Maybe you made him crazy?
      • It takes two to tangle.
      • Maybe you are exaggerating?
      • Maybe over-reacting?
      • Overly picky?
      • Too sensitive?
      • Too weak?
      • Too quiet?
      • Too soft?
      • Too hard to please?
      • Were you drunk?
      • Maybe it was your fault?
      • I saw the way you smiled at him.
      • But it’s normal, you are so beautiful, haven’t you seen how people are looking at you?
      • What were you wearing?
      • Did you lead him/her on?
      • Maybe you are imagining or not remembering things rightly?
      • She/he shouldn’t have married him/her anyway.
      • They booth have problems.
      • She/he provoked him/her.
      • I am sure he/she didn’t mean to do that, it’s not really like him.
      • Maybe you don’t understand his sense of humor?
      • The dog that barks doesn’t bite (even when it has).
      • The men/women here in this country/in our family have a hot temperament, it’s normal to ”talk with their/our hands” but it means nothing, it’s not like they would beat you up.
      • But he/she is so nice, no I think it must have been a misunderstanding, he/she wouldn’t hurt you on purpose.
      • You walked through a dangerous neighborhood, what did you expect?
      • Did you wear that? Non wonder you got raped/sexually abused.
      • You talk about your sexuallity openly, no wonder people touch you without consent.
      • You’r openly gay, no wonder you can’t get certain jobs.
      • You outed yourself as a transvestite on a website, no wonder you’re discriminated against.
      • You know you shouldn’t smile at strangers, they can get all sorts of ideas.

      I have been told or asked most of the things written above. It hurts and only creates more confusion, shame and guilt. It is time to talk about abuse and to honestly look at its roots, outlets and faces; by understanding how, why, by whom, where and when abuse is inflicted and received, we can then heal from it and prevent it from happening. Playing small to protect someone else’s smallness prevents both from reaching their full potential.

      Attend our HOLISTIC NARCISSISTIC ABUSE RECOVERY PROGRAM and go from anxiety and confusion to calm and clarity. 

      You’ve Survived Narcissistic Abuse—Now It’s Time to Heal and Reclaim Your Power. Living through narcissistic abuse leaves invisible scars—on your mind, your body, and your spirit. The manipulation, gaslighting,  and constant emotional abuse can disrupt your entire system, leaving you feeling anxious, disconnected, and unable to trust yourself.

      But what if you could break free from the cycle of fear and overwhelm? What if you could reset your nervous system, reclaim your voice, and truly heal?

      Victim Blaming in Language

       

      One of the biggest sources of victim blaming is the way we talk about it; Language surrounding abuse and sexual assault immediately puts our attention on the victim instead of the perpetrator. This is a demonstration developed by Julia Penelope showing how language can be victim blaming:

      John beat Mary; This sentence is written in active voice. It is clear who is committing the violence. Mary was beaten by John; The sentence has been changed to passive voice, so Mary comes first. Mary was beaten; Notice that John is removed from the sentence completely. Mary is a battered woman; Being a battered woman is now part of Mary’s identity, and John is not a part of the statement. As you can see, the focus has shifted entirely to Mary instead of John, encouraging the audience to focus on the victim’s actions instead of the perpetrator’s actions.

      .

      Heal Abuse Victim Blaming

      This is why we MUST end vicim-blaming

        According to the WHO, information updated in January 2016:

      • Intimate partner and sexual violence are mostly perpetrated by men against women.
      • Recent global prevalence figures indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.
      • Child sexual abuse affects both boys and girls. International studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being victims of sexual violence as children.
      • Women aged 15-44 are more at risk from domestic violence and rape than from car accidents, cancer, war and malaria.
      • In 2012, 43,600 women were murdered worldwide (the ones counted) by their partner, ex-partner or family member.
      • In the same year, 11,133 people were killed due to terrorism. * Information from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Institute for Economics and Peace).

      Despite relentless education efforts, the picture for women remains both bleak and grave. Where there are laws designed to tackle domestic violence, only a fraction of incidents are ever reported to the police. Untold numbers of women remain trapped in violent relationships, whilst others face huge challenges in order to get free and keep safe once they have escaped.  

        A major factor in preventing women from seeking help – and much-needed constructive dialogue – is the implicit and explicit victim-blaming ingrained in public perceptions of domestic violence.  

      Domestic violence, battering and verbal/mental/emotional abuse is a global epidemic impacting more women than war and cancer combined, and many men and children are also suffering from abusive relationships.
       Ignorance, misinformation and misconceptions are actively fuelling this injustice.  
      If we’re to eradicate relationship abuse and domestic violence, we must first end victim-blaming!
      We like to imagine that the world has grown more enlightened about domestic violence. It is no longer legal – in many countries, at least – for a man to beat or rape his wife. But despite the efforts of the #MeToo movement and the fact that more countries work towards gender equality and installing laws against abuse, domestic violence remains a global epidemic, present in every culture and community worldwide. There are also some scary trends that are going in the opposite direction.

      AdobeStock 221074735

      Abuse Statistics

       

      • In 2018, more women were murdered in Italy than in any other year, since statistics were started. * EU.R.E.S Ricerche Economiche e Sociali
      • The world has more slaves now than ever in world history (trafficking / trafficking / sex slavery, with the vast majority of women).
      • Violent and abusive porn videos, especially with very young girls, have most searches on the porn sites.
      • Sex dolls who are programmers to fight against and say no are increasingly in demand.
      • Russia recently reduced the penalty for wife abuse. If the woman gets a few legs broken, the penalty is fined or 15 days imprisonment, like the penalty for speeding.
      • Countries and states reinstalling anti-abortion laws.
      •  38% of all female murders in the world occur by the woman’s partner / ex partner. * WHO (World Health Organization)
      • In Europe, only 11% of women report abuse and sexual violence. * Information from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Institute of Economics
      • Not even 1% of all rapes lead to a penalty. It is the crime that is easiest to get away with by everyone. In the United States, for example, only 5 out of 1,000 sexual acts of violence result in punishment. * Rainn statistics
      • 39.3% of Italians believe in 2018, that women can avoid being exposed to sexual violence if they cover up, if they don’t get drunk and don’t flirt.
        Facts show that women who wear burkas also get raped and sexual crimes are not more common during the summer months when people show more skin.
      • in 2018, 7.2% of Italians believe that when a woman says no to sex, that she instead means yes and that she actually wants to. * Istat Instituto nazionale di statistica
      magazine 18

      “Blaming the victim is an act of refuge and self-deception. It allows the blamer to sit in judgment, imagining some mystical justice that means bad things happen only to bad people, thus ensuring their own safety.” -Una

       “Survivors deserve our support, not our scrutiny.”

      003Heal abuse collage 1
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      What we can do about it

      • Challenge victim-blaming statements when you hear them
      • Do not agree with abusers’ excuses for why they abuse
      • Let survivors know that it is not their fault
      • Hold abusers accountable for their actions: do not let them make excuses like blaming the victim, alcohol, or drugs for their behaviour
      • Acknowledge that survivors are their own best experts and provide them with resources and support
      • Avoid victim blaming in the media
      • Reframe the question “Why does the victim stay?” to “Why does the perpetrator abuse?”
      • Inform yourself abut abuse, how the abuser work, what he/she does to control, manipulate, blame, confuse, make his victim feel like he/she is going crazy and is out of control, why people stay in relationships with abusers, understand that abuse can happen to anyone, regardless of social status, intelligence, self confidence, being well-educated and regardless of age and culture.
      • Understand that frequently asked questions and comments, like those above, often diminishes or removes the perpetrator’s/abuser’s accountability and puts it on the victim/survivor instead.

       

      magazine 18

      ”The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing.” -Albert Einstein

      Healing Tribe

      Connect and Flourish in our Community

      Tools, Guidance and Support

      Discover a sense of belonging in a community that truly gets it. Our array of events and digital interactions offers endless opportunities for engagement, growth, and genuine connections. We offer a safe and loving space, freestanding from social media.

      Don’t stumble alone in the dark. The journey ahead, while challenging at times, is not one you have to undertake alone.  

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      10 Red Flags in Dating, How to Spot a Narcissist Early

      10 Red Flags in Dating, How to Spot a Narcissist Early

      10 Red Flags in Dating, How to Spot a Narcissist Early

      Ami Elsius Holistic Trauma Healing Program

      Written by

      Everyone should know how to spot a narcissist, before going on a first date.

      Knowing what to look out for on those first dates can save you from years of misery with a pathological narcissist. One or two red flags might not mean anything, but if you see many of them, please be on guard, as you may be dating a narc.

      Remember, narcissists are experts in showing themselves from the very best side in the beginning, appealing to all your romantic dreams and hopes for the future.

      In fairytales, there’s a Prince Charming and a bad guy, but in real life, Prince Charming is often the bad guy. 

        Narcissim Heal Abuse 1
        1. Love Bombing: Overwhelming affection and attention too soon.
        2. Fast Pacing: Rushing into commitment or serious topics early.
        3. Extreme Idealization: Being placed on a pedestal as a “soulmate” quickly.
        4. Pressure to Overshare: Urging you to share deep personal details prematurely.
        5. Manipulation & Control: Subtly dictating your look, activities, and social life.
        6. Disregarding Boundaries: Deliberately crossing lines you’ve set.
        7. Over-the-Top Gestures: Grand romantic actions that seem disproportionate.
        8. Hypersensitivity to Criticism: Responding with defensiveness or anger to any critique.
        9. Idealizing or Condemning Past Relationships: Either not over an ex or depicting them as entirely bad.
        10. Inconsistencies & Lies: Small lies or exaggerations about themselves to appear more impressive.

        magazine 18

        “Nobody can be kinder to you than the narcissist, when you react to life on his terms”

        -Elizabeth Bowen

        10 red flags in dating, how to spot a pathological narcissist early to avoid years of suffering

        Ten questions to scan for narcissistic traits

        When on a first date, gently probing with insightful questions can help you discern potential red flags for narcissistic behaviour. While direct confrontation about narcissism may not be effective (and could provoke defensiveness or manipulation), these subtly crafted questions can provide valuable insights into a person’s character and relationship patterns:

          1. How do you handle disagreements or conflicts in relationships?
            • Look for empathy, understanding, and problem-solving skills.
          2. Can you tell me about a time you apologized?
            • Do you notice any accountability or the ability to admit fault?
          3. How do you support your friends or partners when they’re going through a tough time?
            • Evaluate empathy and the capacity to prioritize others’ needs.
          4. What’s something you’ve learned from your past relationships?
            • Assess introspection and the ability to grow from experiences.
          5. How do you like to spend your free time? Who with?
            • Gauges interests, social connections, and dependence on admiration.
          6. What are your thoughts on personal development and growth?
            • Investigates openness to change and self-improvement.
          7. Have you ever faced a situation where you were wrong? How did you deal with it?
            • Tests the ability to accept responsibility and learn from mistakes.
          8. How do you celebrate the successes of others?
            • Looks for genuine support or hidden jealousy.
          9. Can you describe a challenge you’ve overcome recently?
            • Offers insight into resilience, problem-solving, and potential victim mentality.
          10. What does a balanced relationship look like to you?
            • Checks for understanding and valuing mutual respect and equality.

          These questions encourage open dialogue and provide insight into the person’s character, values, and ability to engage in healthy, reciprocal relationships. Pay attention not only to the content of the answers but also to the tone, body language, and what is not being said, as these can also be revealing.

          If you have any good tips on questions to ask or red flags in dating to beware of, please share them in the comments, so others can benefit form them.

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